Before proceeding with the analysis of an emergency of a technogenic nature, it is necessary to determine some terms.
Emergencies are called the situation that develops in certain places or in certain territories under the influence of accidents, catastrophes, natural phenomena or natural disasters.
A catastrophe is a phenomenon (natural or man-made) resulting in the death of people.
An accident is considered a phenomenon during which the destruction of buildings, communications or structures occurred, but there were no human casualties.
An emergency is considered to be a situation in which at least one of the following symptoms is inherent:
- disturbances in normal or safe life;
- there was a threat to life and human health;
- threat or occurrence of large material losses, losses;
- the possibility of harming the environment.
The classification of an emergency of technogenic character takes into account the place of occurrence of the disaster, the breadth of its spread.
To characterize the scale of emergency
- number of dead and wounded;
- the power of social upheaval;
- the possibility of instant as well as distant economic, physical, psychological consequences;
- the amount of material damage.
An emergency of technogenic character is a process, as a result of which destruction occurs, human victims appear, provoked by:
- accidents at chemical industry facilities. They are accompanied by releases or leaks of toxic substances from which soil, food, water bodies, animals, people, and the entire environment can be affected. (Example: fire at a railway station in Nikolsk).
- Damage, malfunctions in enterprises with increased radiation hazard, which caused death. As a result of such damage, radiation contamination of the environment occurs, as well as exposure of personnel servicing the facility. Most often, the population is also exposed. (Example: Chernobyl).
- Collapse (sudden) of buildings, communications, structures. These man-made emergencies arise in the process of violation of construction technology, in case of non-compliance with the rules of operation of buildings, as a result of the impact of natural forces. (Example: Waterpark in Moscow)
- Accidents on systems designed to ensure the livelihoods of settlements: pipelines, power supply systems, gas supply. (Example: blackout in the Moscow metro 05/25/05).
- Transport accidents resulting in the destruction of buildings, death of people: traffic accidents, aircraft accidents, accidents on railways, rivers, seas, pipelines. (Example: A plane crash in Jakarta (Indonesia). 48 people died during a demonstration flight).
- Fires, explosions caused by human activities. (Example: fire 04/02/2012, MIBC "Moscow City", the tower "East").
- Hydrodynamic disasters: breakthroughs of dams, dams, etc. (Example: Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station).
On the scale of its spread, man-made emergencies take into account the death toll. Depending on this, they are divided into:
- Object or local. The consequences of such disasters do not go beyond the enterprise and can be eliminated without outside interference.
- Local. Affect the territory of a single settlement, without going beyond it.
- Territorial. These man-made emergencies go beyond the boundaries of one entity (republic, territory, autonomous region, etc.)
- Regional It affects several regions or regions, republics, autonomous regions of the Russian Federation.
- Federal. Cover over 4 territorial entities.
- Cross-border. Such man-made emergencies go beyond the borders of the state.
Most often, technological disasters develop according to the general scheme:
- First, defects, inaccuracies and deviations in the operation of the equipment and the production process accumulate. At this stage, accidents are removable.
- The occurrence of the event initiating the accident. Usually the response time at this point is not enough.
- The occurrence of an accident that develops into a disaster or emergency.
