The Civil Code and other legislative acts govern the state administration of property and property relations. A special role in this is given to the system of executive power. This includes government representatives authorized by the government in the joint-stock company where state capital operates, many special bodies, agencies, state committees, ministries, and the Government of the Russian Federation.
The state management of property, the transformation of property, the use, disposal, control over the execution of the functions of state bodies that carry out management are all under the responsibility of the government. It has the broadest authority in deciding on all matters relating to management. The most important functions in state property management are assigned to the Ministry of Property Relations of the Russian Federation. In principle, the functionality of all bodies operating in the framework of the legislation of the Russian Federation and other regulatory acts can be called important.
Main functions
Bodies authorized by the government for state property management deal with a block of shares of enterprises, respectively, with a dividend policy and exchange rate regulation. Their efforts develop and implement a strategy for the development of state entrepreneurship, formulate targeted programs, government orders and plans. It is the authorized bodies that create the competitive and market-adapted structure for managing facilities of the state and commercialized sectors. With their help, a pricing policy is developed in the exchange between market groups and state enterprises.
Only the indicated state and municipal property management bodies calculate strategic forecasting options, program the long-term development of the state’s property potential, and solve current and strategic tasks for the resource provision of the entire country's economy. The tasks of state bodies also include the functions of developing and implementing strategic support for management structures and state property objects with scientific data and special personnel.
The process of managing state and municipal property is currently most often limited to formal fragmentary measures by order. Control over the use of property according to its purpose is still insufficient, and therefore ineffective. That is why the strategic goal is to organize the use and reproduction of state property in optimal sizes. For this, innovative management methods are being introduced. According to experts, these goals will not be achieved in full soon, perhaps never.
Federal state property and its management require the availability of appropriate institutions, and the state, being the owner and strategic manager, must, through certain levers, carry out planning, forecasting, stimulation, organization, coordination, and personnel management. One of the features of such actions is the need to organically combine economic and administrative forms and methods.
Federal state property and its management is a system of economic and organizational relations between different entities and managers. With its slipping, it is not possible to ensure reproduction, efficient use and transformation of state-owned facilities, since the mixed-type economic mechanism is in effect. The purpose of the authorized bodies, as already mentioned, is the implementation of the basic economic and social interests of the state and society.
Basic principles of the management system
State property management bodies act on the basis of compliance with a number of mandatory principles.
1. Intended use of state property. The goal is to create appropriate material conditions for the realization of the social and economic benefits.
2. Management effectiveness in achieving the goal. State property management bodies must achieve a certain result of activity, the quality condition of the object under their influence.
3. Professionalism of management. It is necessary to attract managers and highly qualified managers, conduct certification of management employees. Management of state property is carried out not by random people, but by well-trained people.
4. Progressive motivation. A well-developed mechanism is needed that can interest materially, which depends solely on the result.
5. Continuous monitoring. The activities of managers should in no case be allowed to drift. Management of state property is carried out by bodies under control. They should be responsible for the result of their management. The owner (state) is obliged to conduct continuous monitoring through regularly received reports on the activities of each manager. It is also necessary to process the obtained data, their analysis.
6. Mandatory quality legal regulation. Here it is necessary to develop, adopt and, as far as possible, improve the system of legislative acts that create legal support for each state property management entity.
7. The variety of forms and methods of work. Each object of state ownership has certain characteristics, and therefore, the management of each of them should combine administrative and economic measures to increase the effect.
8. Systematic and comprehensive management.
9. Improving the management structure in the organizational plan. In the management of state property in the Russian Federation at each level, one can often observe duplication of certain functions. It is necessary to consolidate the responsibility of each leader for decisions and work done.
10. Responsibility of each subject of property management. State ownership must be inviolable. However, its integrity existed back in 1937, when economic and social responsibility dominated in society.
Specific management principles for a mixed type of economy
In a mixed economy, there are other principles for managing state property. The property is maintained in accordance with the transition period. The nature of the reforms is taken into account and progressive institutional changes in the economy are ensured. Management is aimed at overcoming the crisis of the system and at its restructuring. Organizational units are brought into line with the tasks of implementing investment, industrial, innovative and other areas of state policy.
Property management must be rational and efficient. State ownership is managed by an open system, and therefore the approach to this task should be systemic. This is characterized by the intense and frequent impact of the external environment on the control functionality, and therefore sometimes failures occur. Here feedback should act, since by definition state power and self-government are elected concepts, and therefore the power apparatus or local self-government makes decisions that are obviously political in color.
For example, the management of state property of the region should take into account methods and means agreed with the center. Then it becomes possible to influence the subjects purposefully in the general process of achieving the stated goals on a national scale. Among the specific principles of managing state property of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are the following:
Social Policy and Goal Setting
Achieving socio-economic efficiency. Evaluation of the management process is impossible without the principle of maximizing income, the reason is the nature of this category. The criterion is information from economic statistics. It is on these indicators that the effectiveness of the process is evaluated. The income received from the objects of municipal and state property determines the social policy of the state.
Development of goal-setting - a system of goals, where the main and priority goals are highlighted. The strategic goal of socio-economic policy is always the conditions for a sustainable process of reproduction of goods, which can satisfy social needs. A common economic goal is to ensure the development of municipal and state economic sectors. However, implementing this approach is difficult.
It is necessary that the municipality and the state achieve the goals determined objectively in relation to a specific object or group thereof. It is also impossible to work without fixing these goals in regulatory legal acts. The implementation of state property management should include ways to achieve the goal, approved by authorized municipal or state bodies. These methods should not only be legal and protected by law, but also stimulating. The managers involved in the work should be responsible for the results of their activities.
Progressive Motivation and Responsibility
Progressive motivation is a developed mechanism of the subject's interest in the results obtained from the material side. This system in managing the disposal of state property is currently perfectly debugged. Perhaps it is the most effective element of the overall management mechanism. It uses a sound scientific policy of dividends, a progressive salary system, rapid promotion, an excellent social security scheme, insurance, protection and so on.
Given that in modern Russia, the level of remuneration that is not related to the management of a person’s federal state property depends on little (especially does not depend on indicators of management efficiency), you can’t wait for a quick solution to social issues. Moreover, the cost-based approach of managers to setting tariffs for housing and communal services, transport, electricity and the like does not at all create an incentive for the efficiency of managing large facilities in the Russian public sector.
The administrative, socio-economic, and criminal liability of certain entities from the category of managers for the inefficient use of state facilities and the extremely low degree of reproduction of the country's property is used strangely. It is interesting that every year the situation is getting worse. Both party and administrative responsibility have been lost for a long time and for a long time. Individuals make management decisions with state-owned multi-billion dollar assets.
The hardest case is dismissal. This is the remainder of previously widely used administrative measures. Persons, having greatly enriched themselves in stealing state property, immediately find another job in the public sector, most often even more profitable. All this indicates a very weak level of personal responsibility in the system of operational management of state property and municipal. It should be different. Each management entity should be held responsible for all damage that has been caused to society and the state as a result of incompetent actions, inaction, corruption and crime.
Systematic management and professionalism
Integrity in the management system is a fundamental principle, which is expressed in the interconnection of all functions in the management of state property, in general focus, ensuring the coherence of the elements of the management mechanism. Here the unity of action of the executive and representative authorities, persons and management structures, an organic combination of administrative and economic methods, uniform criteria in assessing the effectiveness of activities and the like should be unshakable.
The most important condition is the understanding that the result of the management of any individual property object always affects the effect of management in the entire spectrum of public property, and the scale is huge. This means that it is necessary to develop programs and forms of managing state property in a single system. Each action relating to management must be properly secured by regulatory legal acts. The current attitude to state property cannot remain stable for long - legal categories should be applied to strengthen the legal framework; This is a prerequisite.
In the world, the connection between the institution of legislative power and the socio-economic development of society can be traced much better. In Russia, it is necessary to develop, adopt and improve a system of legislative acts that would create legal support. The institute of coercion is also needed for contractual obligations to be fulfilled, and views on property divided according to the principle of "one's own" and "another's."
The principle of professionalism in the Russian Federation is not at all difficult to implement. To do this, we need a competitive basis in terms of attracting people to the management system, as well as a well-formed training program for subjects who won the competition. Of course, advanced training is a periodic procedure, and corruption should be excluded both in hiring and in assessing the qualification level of each manager. All this exists today, but it is somewhat formal.
The vicissitudes of a mixed economy
Decades ago, the old system of state property management, which ensured the existence of the only truly social state in the world, was destroyed. The new one is still not properly formed and, moreover, has not been conceptually comprehended. Until now, none of the experts can clearly explain what kind of socio-economic system transforms our society, what role state property plays in the overall economy, and what kind of management system will be needed at the end of the transition period.
While Russia is taking an example from most countries and creating a mixed economy, however, the importance of state ownership is too understated. It should always (in other countries it is!) Perform the most important functions in any socio-political conditions. Two components can be observed here: management of the transformation of state property into private (to a level that can be considered rational), as well as management of the reproduction of state property and its use.
However, none of these points has been implemented. At the very beginning of the reforms, there was a total destruction of state property through predatory large-scale privatization. In the version that was implemented, privatization did not contribute to the emergence of private property either, if it could be any efficient, especially compared with the state. The reformers lost control of state property due to a negative attitude towards it, the entire industry was literally killed, all achievements on the territory of the Russian Federation were violated. All this must be restored, otherwise Russia will never become the great power that it was under the Soviet regime.
About property
Everyone understands that property is the foundation of absolutely any system existing and developing in the economy. State property today is the expression of relations between individuals for the appropriation of goods and the realization of public and state interests. Management for reproduction is not aimed, state property is used and transformed extremely irrationally, its objects are appropriated through economic methods, forms, management functions - all this is dishonest. Moreover, privatization is only one of those tools that have brought evil to the country. It should reflect the transformation of state ownership into private in order to rationalize the general structure of the economy and ensure the effective reproduction of social capital. In fact, the opposite happens.
Privatization has two stages: formal and real. The first transforms state property into private, securing the powers of the new owners legally. And the second forms real new owners, private owners, organizing the process of effective reproduction for the use of this property. Global transformations always bring difficulties to the management of state wealth. Currently, there are too many crises in problems not developed by economic science.
Today in Russia, other ideological as well as political “noises” are added to these difficulties, which hinder the understanding of the transformation of property. There is an ideological war in place of critical analysis and action. Forms of ownership are being transformed, this process does not bring any benefits to the country, and therefore opponents and supporters of privatization will most likely never agree.
Государственное регулирование и рыночные механизмы самоорганизации
Чтобы рационально организовать социально-экономическую систему, нужно, прежде всего, четко определить объектов собственности и субъектов имущественных отношений, а также строго юридически закрепить конкретные объекты за субъектами, уточняя их статус и гарантированные права, экономическую ответственность и любую другую, к какому бы типу собственников субъект ни принадлежал (государство это или частное лицо). Лишь при таких условиях могут быть созданы экономические и иные стимулы для воспроизводства и рационального использования собственности.
Сегодня в России по существу никто не понес ощутимой ответственности за неэффективное использование государственной собственности, причем действенных мероприятий пока не было замечено ни в одной из отраслей народного хозяйства. Потерян сам мотивационный механизм, что является обратной стороной медали ответственности, а потому и нет качественного управления государственной собственностью (да и частой - тоже: все-таки адекватной заменой государственной монополии она стать не смогла). Чтобы сформировалась и нормально функционировала экономика, факторов самоорганизации недостаточно - государство должно управлять хозяйством страны.
Это важнейший внутренний момент, который является сутью ее бытия, проникает во все поры организма когда-то великой державы. Даже внешние элементы организации управления государственной собственностью не удовлетворяют: ни кредитная, ни денежная системы, ни работа немногочисленных оставшихся в живых предприятий, ни налогообложение - ни в чем пока не находится причин для оптимизма. Самоорганизация рыночных отношений выглядит как процесс, пущенный на самотек. Только совместными усилиями возможно упорядочить его, когда и рынок с его самоорганизацией и государство с его регулирующим управлением будут действовать одновременно, более того - заодно, без противоречий.
