Logging site is a place prepared for cutting in accordance with the law. Logging is strictly regulated by the state. It can be associated with natural, sanitary cleaning, with harvesting, the creation of stocks of certain types of wood, such as drill timber or ship timber.
Circle, square or strip
A forest plot prepared for felling performs the following important functions in the national economy:
- felling carried out in connection with the reconstruction of forests;
- planned cutting in accordance with the main use for industrial needs;
- Sanitary felling or forest care.
All areas intended for felling are fenced or marked with signs, viziers or natural boundaries.
A cutting area is a section of a forest stand, which is felled according to certain rules.
At the same time, the development of massifs provides for their division into operational parts or plots with annual processing of volumes in an amount that corresponds to the annual growth and maturation of wood, depending on the desired assortment.
- So, wood going to firewood should ripen for 25 years.
- For construction use trees at the age of seventy years.
- The ship variety is suitable for cutting no earlier than at the age of 100 and 120 years.
In addition to taking into account the age of the tree, Russian legislation regulates the regulations for the placement of cutting areas on the planned area, the possibility of consumption of raw materials per year; permissible areas of plots and cutting areas.
Typically, a large area of the site is delimited into plots, this is done for the convenience of cutting using certain technologies.
Most often, cutting areas are rectangular. This form is most convenient for the organization of work. The length of the borders and the adjoining wall of the forest stand, which provides further seeding of the devastated areas, often depends on the shape of the cutting area under the condition of the same area.
When determining the configuration of the cutting areas, take into account the natural features of the place, the presence of ravines, streams, hills. Such accounting is called the felling area of the cutting area, it provides accounting and control over the felling of trees.
Do not believe paper, believe your eyes
The Federal Forestry Agency approved the rules for timber harvesting (Order No. 337 of 08/01/2011). It establishes the obligation to inspect cutting areas as future places of tree felling in all areas that are in use on a rental or perpetual consumption basis.
As a rule, such an inspection should take place in a snowless period, but no later than two months from the end of the workpiece.
In case of violation of the deadlines established by order, the forestry is obliged to confirm the objective causes of violations: bad weather, difficulties with travel to the place of harvesting. In case of objective obstacles and closing of passages to the logging facility, it is necessary to take a photo or attach certificates about weather conditions at the time of inspection of the plots.
The presence of explanatory documents will allow avoiding fines for violation of the inspection deadlines established by paragraph 64 of the Order of the Federal Forestry Agency.
On the plains il on the hills
In accordance with the Rules approved by Order No. 184 of the Rosleskhoz of 2007, the size of the cutting area should not exceed their limit values established by the mentioned document, given that the cutting area is a cutting area. The width corresponds to the length of the short side. Highlighted wrong configuration reserved for the entire cabin.
Production forests are intended for cutting ripe and overripe stands with small stands within them of small plots of ripening stands with a total area of no more than three hectares.
The area of ripe and mature stands intended for clear cutting should not exceed 50 hectares.
In areas leased for the purpose of harvesting, the cutting area may be increased, but not more than one and a half times. The limitation is associated with ensuring a rational approach to felling, maintaining its structure and environment-forming system.
At the same time, the maximum width of clear-cutting at operational sites should be 500 meters for coniferous and soft-leaved species, with a maximum total area of 50 ha. At the same time, it is taken into account that the adjoining periods of soft tree species are 4 years, for coniferous species (pine, fir, spruce) - 6 years.
With selective cutting of overgrown stands, the total plot size is 100 hectares, for long-term and uniformly gradual logging - 50 hectares, for cross-cutting forest cutting, the area is 30 hectares.
Time costs
When carrying out sanitary logging or caring for the massif, the standard time is required for the planned removal of the cutting area. They are approved by the Decree of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation of September 19, 1995, No. 53.
Regulatory costs for the allocation of harvesting areas include:
- time spent on cutting through the sights, determining the boundaries of the cutting area;
- measuring work with a measured metal tape on the boundary viziers;
- manufacturing and installation of signposts;
- enumeration of trees by continuous and tape method.
The standard time for spruce-fir stands is about 93 man-hours. And, for example, the estimated time required for the removal of a rectangular cutting area of 10 hectares under the same environmental conditions is 54 man-hours.
Unfortunately, cutting technology is not always subject to arithmetic figures.
Often, the estimated time of the standards does not include the time spent on overcoming weather factors or adverse working conditions.
The time costs necessary for delivering workers to the logging sites are not calculated, sometimes these costs may exceed the time of the direct removal work.
Arithmetic and material
After the withdrawal is made and taxation is carried out, proceed to the assessment of the cutting area. It is divided into two types: material and monetary.
A material assessment of the cutting area is a determination of the amount of wood for cutting. At this stage, its range is also determined with the division into business, large, small or medium, and waste accounting.
A monetary assessment of the cutting area is expressed in the planning and calculation of the cost of timber at existing rates, with a possible correction in the future at the time of harvesting.
Use of tables for accuracy of calculations
The main thing is to correctly determine the material component of the cutting. For this, special tables are used.
To conduct an assessment using assortment tables, you will need:
- outline and field logging survey;
- a sheet that takes into account the species of trees, their thickness and quality by category of wood;
- measurements of heights by wood species indicated in bit tables.
For accounting using bit tables you will need:
- plan of the felling site;
- valuation sheet of the entire stand;
- indicators of the heights of trees from the bit table.
Based on the results, a statement or reference table of the material assessment of the cutting area is compiled.
Dachshunds are different
The monetary value of the cutting area is derived using rates calculated for each plot or block of felling within the same forestry.
Opposite to the category of wood, an appropriate rate calculated for one cubic meter is affixed. After that, the price of a cubic meter is multiplied by the volume of felled trees, taking into account the rates for the calculated assortment, waste and firewood.
In order to confirm the legality of the origin of wood, receive the FSC certificate. Obtaining such a mark guarantees confirmation of the legal use of the forest fund for deforestation.
