Today, very often in various media you can find such a thing as “cession”. What is it? Let's try to deal with this term.
Definition
This term is defined in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Art. 382): this is a claim (right) that belongs to the creditor and can be transferred by him to another person under a certain transaction or transfer to such a person in accordance with applicable law. Such a concession to demand is cession.
What is it, well know in certain business areas. However, some businessmen did not even hear about such a concept.
Cession - what is it and how can it be used in economic activities
The first thing that requires special attention is the types and forms of rights, according to which there is the possibility of their transfer under the assignment agreement. The above law provides only a list of rights prohibited for transfer. This, for example, claims for compensation for harm that was caused to health or life, and about alimony (Civil Code, Article 383). For the remaining rights, the parties have complete freedom in their decisions, while not forgetting the requirements contained in the assignment agreement (a sample can be found on any legal website).
Contract Examples
As an example, we can cite the standard tripartite assignment agreement, in which the supplier transfers the right to demand payment from the buyer for the goods received or finished products from the buyer for a certain monetary reward. What is the purpose of such an economic category of financial documents? The answer is quite simple. When the recipient drags on with payment, when the supplier does not have time and extra funds for the courts, and the financial resources are needed immediately, the assignment of the right of claim is applied. Cession is quite successfully used in the reorganization of the debt of the buyer, who did not pay off his obligations for the goods received.
Another example is the case of the use of cession for subrogation - the transfer of the rights of the insured to the insurer in compensation for damage.
Problems Using Cession
Since in any economy some crisis situations and related negative phenomena constantly arise, the untimely fulfillment by contractors of their obligations and their financial insolvency give rise to lawsuits. Thus, the question arises: "What to do with the resulting debt?" Often, after a court case is won with a writ of execution in hand, it becomes clear that money will not be received from the debtor in the near future. And bailiffs are not always able to help. In such cases, the most effective mechanism for obtaining money is the cession of the claim. Cession will allow the seller to receive his money immediately.
Registration of the right to assign claims after a court decision
Sometimes an effective way to get debt is to provide certain discounts to debtors. Despite some losses, the seller has good chances to get at least some part of the obligations. And here the issue of using such a concept as “cession” may also be relevant. What is this in this case, consider in more detail. For example, a writ of execution is already held by bailiffs (bailiffs), and enforcement proceedings are carried out within the framework of the current legislation. In the event of a debt among citizens, a cession between individuals can be executed upon application to the court that issued the writ of execution. It should be borne in mind that in this case a court of general jurisdiction (Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation, Article 44) or an arbitration court (Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation, Article 48) may participate. A tripartite assignment (corresponding agreement) is signed to the application, signed on both sides and with a note on the notification of the debtor. The court makes a separate determination regarding the replacement of a party to the case. It is with this cession agreement and this definition that it is necessary to go already to the bailiffs.
Assignment agreement between individuals
Such an agreement takes place if they are not representatives of specific companies, and an agreement on the provision of certain funds for a specified period has been concluded among themselves. When preparing such a document, both parties are guided by the current legislation (Civil Code of the Russian Federation).
This agreement should contain a clear indication of the transfer by the lender of his rights to a third party on a different basis (on a fee and gratuitous basis). This document indicates the personal data of citizens participating in the parties, the amount of the loan, the form and timing of its repayment, their rights and obligations.
Such an agreement cannot be concluded if the debtor has obligations to pay compensation to another person for harm or to pay alimony appointed by court order. Sometimes certain additional conditions may be included in the assignment agreement, which must be negotiated before its conclusion.
Some time ago, the assignment of rights between citizens during shared construction was also subject to execution in the form of an appropriate agreement (cession). This fact was a violation of the law, since it was subject to discussion the assignment of not only rights, but also obligations to the contractor (construction organization).
Assignment Taxation and Accounting
If an entity granted an assignment to an individual or legal entity, then there are some differences in taxation and accounting. So, upon the conclusion of a contract for the assignment of a claim, one must remember VAT. Its calculation procedure is determined by the relevant tax legislation (Tax Code of the Russian Federation). For the new lender, the difference between the costs of acquiring the right of claim (the so-called “contract price”) and the income received from the realization of this right (final receipt of funds from the debtor or subsequent transfer) should be accepted as the tax base.
For the first creditor to whom a discount was applied during the assignment of the right of claim, it will be credited to losses, which are also taken into account in accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (Article 279).
In case of a change of parties in the obligation, the original creditor is given the name "assignor", and to the debt acquirer - "assignee". In accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the former has the right to transfer to a partner in full all of its rights that existed at the time of transfer of the claim. Moreover, under the same conditions. The price of such a transaction is lower than the size of the debt itself, since the assignment agreement must be onerous. If this condition is not met, then on the part of the tax service this transaction can be recognized as a gift with all the ensuing consequences from the point of view of taxation. And then the enterprise will most likely have to uphold its case in court.
However, the business entity may have problems with the tax authorities if the latter appears to be the agreed price in the contract underestimated, which entails the presentation of claims from the position of economic unreasonableness of the transaction.
Assignment agreement between legal entities
Often there are situations when, in the interaction of legal entities in the course of their business activities, a change of persons in obligations occurs and an assignment agreement is concluded. In other words, the original creditor can transfer its rights in relation to the debtor to a new person - another creditor. As a result, an assignment agreement is drawn up between business entities - legal entities with a corresponding change in rights and obligations. Today, such contracts are quite common. They are bilateral in nature and are consensual and onerous.
At the same time, the transfer of rights to the new creditor does not require the consent of the debtor. It is simply notified of the concession agreement through written notice.
The contract for the assignment of claims shall reflect the essence of such a transferred right and the grounds for its occurrence (for example, a contract, writ of execution or a court decision). A prerequisite is an indication of the details of legal entities (parties to the contract) and its notarial certification.
There is, under the current legislation, the responsibility of the former creditor, if they transferred an invalid claim or compensation invented property. It is also possible the guarantee of the former creditor to the new for the timely fulfillment by the debtor of his obligations.
