Economic analysis is carried out by each enterprise. This is a necessary procedure that allows you to determine the effectiveness of the organization of core activities. Based on the research, it turns out to identify weaknesses, determine the most profitable ways of developing the organization. To understand the principle of such work, you need to consider the example of an economic analysis of the enterprise. The main techniques will be presented below.
Features of the analysis
The economic security of the enterprise largely depends on the speed of reaction of managers to constantly changing conditions of the external and internal environment. To do this, a large number of different assessments are carried out, which allows you to look at the situation at the enterprise from the outside.
To select a set of methods for analysis, determine the goals and objectives of its implementation. This allows you to optimize research costs. Goals are chosen in accordance with the current situation at the enterprise. Upon reaching them, the company should maximize the effectiveness of its activities.
Based on the analysis, the company plans its activities, creates a strategy for the long term. To track past changes, compare data from at least the last three periods. This allows you to track economic performance over time.
Features of the submission of information
The users of the information obtained during the analysis of the economic efficiency of the enterprise are both managers, managers of the organization, and third-party investors, creditors, shareholders. Potential investors are required to request independent auditors to study the economic and financial performance of the company. No lender will provide their temporarily available funds to a company whose performance is not high enough.
Information should be provided in a form accessible to the user. Based on the data received, a decision is made on the feasibility of expanding production activities. Investors choose the most attractive projects.
Calculation Methods
There are different methods of economic analysis of an enterprise. They are divided into general and specific. The first category includes the following approaches:
- comparison;
- observation;
- abstraction;
- detailing;
- modeling;
- experiment.
Specific techniques are formed in the context of specific sciences. They allow you to detail general techniques.
One of the most common tricks that analysts use in their work is comparison. This is the earliest research method. For this phenomenon correlate, and then carry out data synthesis. In phenomena, the general, the different, is distinguished. You can compare indicators in an economic analysis with a plan, with indicators of a past period, with average data.
To perform such an analysis, the indicators must be comparable. The analysis of dynamic and parallel series can be informative. This allows you to study the structure of processes, phenomena, trends. Comparisons can also be vertical. In some cases, analysts may be interested in multidimensional comparisons. This compares a wide range of coefficients for several objects at once. This allows you to perform a comprehensive assessment, comparing the coefficients with competitive indicators.
Comparison allows you to achieve different results:
- fulfillment of a business plan in the current and planning period;
- finding ways to save resources;
- making optimal decisions in existing conditions;
- risk assessment.
Studying the basics of economic analysis of an enterprise, the method of comparison should be considered first.
Average values
To assess the economic development of the enterprise, apply the method of average values. This allows you to summarize data, homogeneous indicators, move from the consideration of individual data to the general. This helps to identify patterns.
Without the use of average values, it is impossible to compare the data during the study of a particular attribute. This approach makes it possible to compare indicators that differ in time.
Average indicators allow us to abstract from random results, individual fluctuations and values. Moreover, the average data can be presented in the following forms:
- arithmetic mean;
- fashion;
- chronological moment series;
- weighted average harmonic;
- median.
The choice depends on the specific objectives of the analysis and the characteristics of the sample. This allows you to identify general trends, patterns.
Grouping Method
The economic security of the enterprise depends on the correctness of the actions of the relevant services of the organization. To obtain reliable information about the state of the company, the grouping method can be used during the study. This allows you to systematize the data, to determine the characteristic relationships, typical processes. In this case, random deviations are leveled.
Groupings can be:
- Structural. They are used to analyze the internal structure of indicators, for example, during the study of the payroll by profession.
- Typological. This allows you to group, for example, homogeneous enterprises by type of property.
- Analytical. They are used to study the relationship of effective and factor indicators. This, for example, may be the relationship between the amount of the bank loan and the amount of interest.
Among the approaches used to organize data, groupings are the main methodology. This allows you to identify the relationship between autonomous phenomena, structure, as well as the dynamics of development of the studied indicators.
In the course of applying the presented methodology, not only phenomena are classified, but also the reasons that determine them. In this case, it is necessary to combine homogeneous phenomena. They must be identical in social or economic nature. Considering the economic analysis of the enterprise by example, you should pay attention to the sequence of actions in the application of this technique:
- Objects or phenomena are subject to classification by determining attribute.
- Production values are determined.
- The result is presented in the form of a table.
- The influence of each characteristic on the result is determined.
For analysis, a set of objects of the same type is used. In some cases, a typological sample is made. An economically justified grouping reveals the relationship between individual coefficients and indicators. As a result, analytical data is systematized.
At the same time, certain phenomena are studied in correlation, which allows one to determine the degree of influence of factors on the overall result.
Balance method
Considering the economic analysis of the enterprise as an example, it is worth paying attention to one more approach. The balance method is traditional. For this, the structure of the enterprise’s property and resources, through which it was acquired, is analyzed. It is also used to determine the effect on the result of factors associated with it.
Also, the balance method is used in the study of the security of the organization with materials, labor and financial resources. Based on it, a study is conducted of the effectiveness of their application. At the same time, such indicators as, for example, means of payment and obligations, as well as the correspondence of these values are compared. This method is used to verify the correctness of the calculations. If the balance is not respected, there are deviations, which means that it is drawn up incorrectly.
Graphical method
During the submission of information to the management personnel, as well as other users, the graphical method is used. It is widely used in the research of various processes in production.
So, for example, to study the efficiency of equipment, graphs are built, including on the basis of multiple factors. This allows you to clearly demonstrate the operation of the units for a certain time.
During the installation and construction of industrial or other enterprises, network graphics provide a high economic effect. They are used in mathematical analysis, in the process of planning the activities of the organization.
Production structure analysis
Analysis of the economic efficiency of the enterprise is multifaceted. Usually it begins with a study of the organizational structure of the enterprise. To understand how such an analysis is carried out, you need to consider it with an example.
So, the organizational structure of the enterprise is linear-functional. At the head of the company is the CEO. He is appointed by the meeting of shareholders. The General Director carries out its activities on the basis of the contract and the Charter of the joint-stock company. He directs the current activities of the organization, issues orders, gives recommendations and directions. The General Director determines the structure of the administrative apparatus, the number of heads of units. He hires all employees and opens accounts.
Directly to the general director are the financial, executive director, security service, as well as the deputy general director for public relations.
The deputy general director reports the personnel management service, the information support service, the paperwork departments, and corporate management.
The financial director manages the planning, economic, financial department and accounting.
The Executive Director submits to the service of the chief engineer, the production manager (the production and dispatch department, production departments are subordinate to him). He also submits the Director of Quality and the eponymous service.
In the course of the analysis of economic indicators of the enterprise, it was revealed that the relations between the departments were not established correctly. Their review is required to ensure the normal operation of the services. It is also necessary to review the distribution of responsibility between managers. Information flows must be organized in accordance with the needs of the enterprise. To do this, select the appropriate technical means.
Product Analysis
Economic management of the enterprise involves the implementation of research in the field of manufacturing products. Consider an example. The enterprise under investigation is engaged in the production of engines, devices, and other machines that are sold in bulk. The main product groups are presented in the table below.
|
Name |
The cost of production, million rubles. |
Implementation of a plan, % |
Products credited to the implementation of the plan, million rubles |
|
|
Plan |
Fact | |||
|
Motors |
12696 |
13360 |
106.8 |
12696 |
|
Gearboxes |
6590 |
6270 |
95.3 |
6270 |
|
Pumps |
11770 |
11965 |
102.9 |
11770 |
|
Insulation |
7120 |
7210 |
102, 4 |
7120 |
|
Profile Products |
10240 |
9878 |
97.03 |
9878 |
|
Total |
48416 |
48683 |
100.9 |
47734 |
To determine the implementation of the plan for the product range, a simple calculation is applied:
Pa = Pf / Pp * 100, where Pa is the fulfillment of the plan in the current period for the assortment of products, Pf is the cost of products in fact that does not exceed the planned output, PP is the output of the plan.
In the course of analysis and evaluation of the economic activity of the enterprise, a simple calculation is performed:
Pa = 47734/48416 * 100 = 98.6%.
Thus, the company did not fulfill the plan for the range of 1.4%.
