Moscow is a multinational city. There are 194 nationalities in Russia, and all representatives can be found on the streets of the capital. With the collapse of the USSR, many families decided to settle in the capital, someone comes to work. What is the national composition of Moscow? Do new Muscovites live in certain areas? Which areas are inhabited mainly by indigenous people?
The many-faced megalopolis
From ancient times Moscow was built by different peoples. Very soon, a small fortress of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality grew into a merchant city. Favorably located at the intersection of trade routes, it attracted trade people. The first foreigners settled Greek merchants. The monastery of St. Nicholas built by them gave the name to Nikolskaya Street. Nearby, in Staropansky Lane, the Poles settled. In the fifteenth century, Italians arrived, who were called jars. The names of the villages founded by them are Fryazino, Fryazevo.
The national composition of Moscow in the areas of settlement is constantly replenished. Since the fifteenth century, the Armenian diaspora has been settled in the Armenian Lane area. From the sixteenth century a German settlement appeared behind Yauza. It is inhabited by immigrants from Western Europe who do not speak Russian. Therefore, they were called Germans, that is, dumb. Arbat in Arabic means "suburb." Here and in Zamoskvorechye Tatars settled. Maroseyka - from the "Little Russian" is populated by Ukrainians.
The squads of Moscow princes were replenished by the Lithuanians, especially after the turmoil. Towards the end of the seventeenth century a petty bourgeois settlement appeared (the Slavic settlers were called philistines). The beginning of the eighteenth century - the emergence of the Georgian diaspora in Presnya.
In 1917, the Jewish Pale of Settlement was canceled, and the capital was replenished with a new wave of migration. In the 1960s, the city authorities practiced recruiting residents from the periphery for workers.
Now the national composition of the population of Moscow has about one hundred and sixty nationalities and eleven million inhabitants.
Population census
Since ancient times, such a government event as the population census has been known. Based on the data obtained during its implementation, various statistical summaries are compiled. The last in the USSR was the 1989 census. Later, in 2002, the obtained data revealed a significant migration of the population and an influx of immigrants from the CIS countries. In 2010, another census of the country's inhabitants was conducted. It turned out that Russia is already the seventh in the world in terms of population.
Of greatest interest are data on the national composition of Moscow. This is the largest and most significant city in Russia, and according to its demographic situation, one can judge the situation of the country as a whole. Of course, in a metropolis it is easier to find work than in small provincial towns. But not only unemployment is the reason for the relocation of large masses of people. Their decision to relocate is influenced by political and social issues.
Muscovites from the Caucasus
The capital is actively being built, new jobs are being created in various areas of the urban economy and the social sphere. This ensures stability for citizens and attracts immigrants from disadvantaged areas. From 1989 to 2002, a flood of Caucasian immigrants poured into Moscow.
As a result of the war in Georgia, a large number of residents came to Moscow. Difficulties in obtaining education and unemployment were the reason for the migration of Azerbaijanis. Interethnic conflicts caused the appearance of Armenian refugees from Azerbaijan in Moscow. All this affected the change in the national composition of the inhabitants of Moscow.
| Georgians | 2.7 times |
| Armenians | 2.8 times |
| Azerbaijanis | 4.8 times |
Armenians and Georgians are interested in raising education. Azerbaijanis, as economic migrants, are pleased that they have found a job. Among these peoples, many register marriages with Muscovites. Many called the reason for the move the desire to wait out the hard time at home, to avoid being drafted into the army and participating in hostilities. With the move, a decrease in the status of migrants is observed, but over time they manage to get a job in their specialty. Armenians and Georgians are engaged in medicine, science and culture. Azerbaijanis find jobs in industry.
Demographic changes by year
A further change in political and economic conditions in the former Soviet republics led to another wave of migration. The demographic data collection conducted in 2002 was updated in 2010. This made it possible to compile a table of the national composition of Moscow by years, taking into account the reflection of the percentage change.
| 2002 | % from everything | 2010 | % from everything | |||
| Total | 10382754 | 100 | 11503501 | 100 | ||
| Russians | 8808009 | 84.83 | 9930410 | 86.33 | ||
| Ukrainians | 253644 | 2.44 | 154104 | 1.34 | ||
| Tatars | 166083 | 1, 60 | 149043 | 1.30 | ||
| Armenians | 124425 | 1.20 | 106466 | 0.93 | ||
| Azerbaijanis | 95563 | 0.92 | 57123 | 0.50 | ||
| The Jews | 79359 | 0.76 | 53145 | 0.46 | ||
| Belarusians | 59353 | 0.57 | 39225 | 0.34 | ||
| Georgians | 54387 | 0.52 | 38934 | 0.34 | ||
| Uzbeks | 24312 | 0.23 | 35595 | 0.31 | ||
| Tajiks | 35385 | 0.34 | 27280 | 0.24 | ||
| Moldavians | 36570 | 0.35 | 21699 | 0.19 | ||
| Kyrgyz | 4102 | 0.04 | 18736 | 0.16 | ||
| Mordva | 23387 | 0.23 | 17095 | 0.15 | ||
| Chechens | 14465 | 0.14 | 14524 | 0.13 | ||
| Chuvashs | 16011 | 0.15 | 14313 | 0.12 | ||
| Ossetians | 10561 | 0.10 | 11311 | 0.10 | ||
| Koreans | 8630 | 0.08 | 9783 | 0.09 | ||
| Kazakhs | 7997 | 0.08 | 9393 | 0.08 | ||
This table does not show data for all items. The number of nationalities that make up less than 0.08% of the city’s population is not considered.
Migratory problems
Despite the low birth rate and natural population decline, which until 2011 exceeded the increase, the number of residents of the capital is growing steadily. Over the past decade, growth has been one million people. Foreign migrants make up a tenth. This is the official statistics. This does not include figures for illegally resident citizens. According to the Moscow prosecutor, many crimes are committed by them.
Now the bulk of migrants arrives in the capital from the Central Asian countries. Up to 17.5% of the total number of arrivals are Uzbeks, 12.5% are Tajiks, 11.5% are Kyrgyz. We can talk about the formation of enclaves. This further affects the national composition of Moscow.
The flow of people arriving in Moscow for work cannot be stopped. The increase in the cost of patents leads to the departure of the shadow sector of the economy. A labor market is emerging, in which the unskilled labor of foreign citizens is increasingly used. In addition to work in the construction and cleaning of premises, Muscovites begin to use them in the household and caring for the elderly.
New Muscovites Areas
Researchers at GdeEtotDom.ru identified areas that prefer different nationalities for the purchase or rental of housing. People want to have their own home environment, speak their own language and follow their culture and religion. This trend is observed in megacities around the world.
According to the registration of sales and lease agreements, the granting of patents for activities and the registration of citizens, the capital is divided into “harlems”. The national composition of Moscow by districts (table).
|
Armenians |
District in the south-west of the city |
|
Uzbeks, Tajiks |
Perovo |
|
Africans |
Konkovo |
|
Refugees from Karabakh |
Vostryakovo |
|
Koreans |
Bibirevo |
|
Georgians |
Marina Grove |
|
North Caucasus |
Tsaritsyno |
|
Azerbaijanis |
Cherkizovo, Izmailovo |
|
Vietnamese, Chinese |
Domodedovo |
Even in the center of the capital you can see a spontaneously unfolding market, a truck with goods arriving. Sellers are swarthy black-haired people who speak poor Russian. They sell basic necessities, disappear by the evening.
The national composition of the Lyublino district in Moscow
Since the end of the sixteenth century, the historical sources mention the village of Yurkino near Moscow. So it was once called Lyublino - the Moscow region in the southeast of the city. The railway laid in 1865 promotes the growth of railway workshops. A church in the Russian style is being built in the city. This picturesque place soon became a summer residence. In 1960, it is part of the capital. Lublin Park, Durasov's estate, industrial zone - everything is here. And locals can study the modern national composition of Moscow.
Interestingly, Muscovites nicknamed the locals "Lublin International." This area is full of high-rise buildings, it was built up for residence. This was appreciated by migrants from Tajikistan. The shopping complex "Moscow" is filled with traders of cheap goods from China. The order in it is supported by security, but there are conflicts. There is a known case when more than a hundred Tajiks were detained in it for riots.
The area has become a platform for the practical application of the tolerance of residents towards each other. Multilingual speech is heard on the streets: Armenians and Tajiks, Belarusians and Koreans, Russians and Ukrainians live a normal life. Eastern music sounds, women are dressed in bright national dresses and slippers, children often go barefoot. East market!
Classmates of Lublin schools do not always understand each other because of the difference in languages. Living conditions in Lublino allow you to comply with national traditions without assimilating into Russian culture. We can say that the former Soviet republics came to visit Moscow, and remained alive.
Moscow and the region
Moscow has a lot more jobs than in the region. But in the Moscow region, workers are needed, mainly in enterprises with difficult working conditions.
In 2015, half a million visitors were registered. Mytischi is popular with them - just one kilometer from the city. Among them are Syrians, Israelis, even Swiss. But the majority of Ukrainians, although Moldovans and Uzbeks, also maintain their leading positions. In 2016, citizens of the United States and Afghanistan arrived, and there are French. It is not surprising, therefore, that the national composition of Moscow and the Moscow region has changed.
In addition to Mytishchi, new arrivals are also interested in Lyubertsy and Krasnogorsk, which are also conveniently located for work in the capital. Ramensky, Solnechnogorsk and Sergiev Posad districts are slightly behind them. Balashikha, perhaps, is also becoming international. Khimki, Domodedovo and Podolsk continue to receive migrants.
The data of Mosoblstat indicate that visitors mainly settle in cities, only a quarter of the total number of people choose rural life. Since 2014, the Unified Migration Center has been helping them find work and housing.
Forecasts for Moscow National
Oddly enough, the millionth city cannot completely abandon migrants. Only in landfills, asphalt plants and vegetable bases do many visitors work. But there are still oil depots, industrial zones, construction of residential complexes is underway. It is unlikely that you will lure indigenous Muscovites to a plant for processing municipal solid waste. So the national composition of Moscow is changing. Soon he will resemble Babylon.
Cheap labor, consent to any working conditions - this is not a problem for visitors. This is how a market economy always develops. Stopping this process is unlikely to succeed.
Moscow does not believe in tears
In the Russian Empire, the share of Russians by the twentieth century began to make up a smaller part of the country's population. The 1897 census recorded 55 million Russian-speaking citizens, 22 million Little Russians and 5 million Belarusian citizens. This is with a total number of 125 million people. After almost a hundred years, the 1989 census showed that about half of the Russians in the country’s total figure.
The national composition of Moscow is changing so quickly that compliance with tolerance becomes a prerequisite for the quiet existence of its inhabitants. How to track and regulate it, while nobody knows. There is only the experience of many years of peaceful life between Russians and foreigners. You should not complain, because Moscow does not believe in tears. But always the visitors assimilated with the Muscovites, learned the language, knew the culture. And the difference in nationalities no longer impeded communication, but became an interesting distinctive difference between some good people and others.
