In nature, there is a huge variety of mushrooms: there are edible, and there are poisonous ones. Only edible species are consumed. Man appreciates this miracle of nature for its nutritional properties. After all, mushrooms have a number of useful substances. They contain proteins, trace elements, mineral salts and vitamins that normalize the metabolic processes of the human body. For this, mushrooms are also called "forest" meat.
Summertime presents mushroom pickers with many surprises. The most common in the forest zone are mushrooms from the family russula. In this article, we will introduce readers to the black boot, give a description of the fungus, and talk about the features of its growth. Consider how useful podgrudok and what are its most common types found in nature. In general, we will tell you what types of edible mushrooms exist.
Edible mushrooms and their types
In nature, there are a lot of edible mushrooms - thousands of species. The most delicious are champignons, white, oyster mushrooms, mushrooms, butter. To this list it is worth adding Caesar mushrooms, greenfinch, honey agarics, aspen, boletus, russula, parasol mushrooms and others. Many of them are delicacies, such as the Caesar mushroom, which grows on the Mediterranean coast.
There are conditionally edible species of mushrooms. These include waves, mushrooms, Valui mushroom, oak, bitter, morel, common dung, dung beetle and others. After heat treatment, these gifts of the forest lose the poisonous properties inherent in their raw form. It is advisable to use young mushrooms for food, after boiling them in large quantities of water for at least 40 minutes. As a result of this treatment, all bitter and caustic toxic substances will be removed.
Edible mushrooms - a storehouse of nutrients. Next, we talk about loading black - a bright representative of the russula family.
Short description
Loads are quite large mushrooms, their hat can reach a diameter of 25 cm, but usually this figure is kept within 5-15 cm. The pulp is fleshy and brittle, white. As it grows, it can be from pink-gray to blackening at the cut. This is due to the fact that the mushroom plates age, acquiring a dark gray color on the dents. White spore powder.
The hat itself initially has a flat-convex shape, the edges are bent. Changes occur with the age of the fungus. The older he is, the more depressed, like a wide funnel and a straightened bare form, it takes. By age, the edges of the cap become wavy. During the ripening period, the hat changes color: at first it is dirty gray; as it grows, it changes color to olive brown or dark brown with a greenish tint. The peel of the hat cannot be removed. After rain, it is always dry and smooth, it is slightly mucous.
The black mushroom has a thick stalk 2-3 cm thick. It is short, not more than 5 cm high, and the same color as the hat itself. Dense to the touch, cylindrical in shape, without creases. When touched, a smooth structure is felt, but the surface immediately blackens.
Gender and Features
Black loading is a representative of the russula genus, the russula family. In appearance, it is similar to an ordinary cargo, for which it was called the Russula black. Unlike a loaf, it does not have a characteristic fringe along the edge of the hat, which has a slightly grayish and sometimes blackish hue. In the pulp, the load does not have milky juice, and with age, the cap of the mushroom becomes sticky. In appearance, it may resemble a dense and strong russula.
Places of growth and seasonality
The black boot, the photo and description of which we have provided to you, is a frequent guest in the forest zones of our territory. It is found almost everywhere. But the largest accumulations of mushrooms can be observed in coniferous, broad-leaved and mixed forests. Their presence is given out by small tubercles above the ground, covered with dry foliage.
It grows mainly on acidic sandy soil near pines. It prefers well-lit places, so it can often be seen along forest paths, nearby ponds, and in open glades. The easiest way to find podgadok if you go to the northern part of the forest. It can be oak or birch groves.
On the territory of our country, in addition to black, there are white loads in the forest belt. Ripening peaks in the summer months - July-August. Black will please the harvest of mushroom pickers until October, meeting in the forest zone not only singly, but also with whole large families.
In addition to Russia, black preloads are widespread throughout the globe, where the temperate climate prevails - these are North America, Canada, Western Europe, Central Asia, and the Far East.
Similar species and what is their difference
The description of edible mushrooms will not be complete, not to mention their species. This also applies to preloads. This type of mushroom, belonging to the family russula, forms a separate independent group, which includes:
- black and white;
- often lamellar or bushy;
- the greenish and blackening underload;
- black and white and short-legged;
- the white load is false.
For example, a subspecies of a black mushroom has become a blacklist. Both representatives as a whole have similar characteristics: they are found in birch and coniferous forests, do not have milky juice, are good in pickling, as both have a sharp and sweet taste. But the flesh of the blackening russula does not blush, but immediately turns black. Her leg in adulthood has a dirty yellow color, becomes covered with brown spots and blackens. Mushroom plates are rare, the peel on the hat is easily detachable. This is their difference.
Black podgrudok is often confused with another representative of the species - a mushy thick-leaved or often plate-like. The second grows on little-known soils, has a tan shade. The mushroom cap is often adorned with lamellae. It has an earthy smell, and the taste is excessively burning.
The blacklist, the photo and description of which is presented above, is also confused with other members of the family, for example, with the white blank. Both belong to the group of edible mushrooms. Only the first has a fairly fresh taste. For the same reason, it is confused with a black and white mushroom, which got its name for the ability of the hat to change color during growth.
The nutritional value
This mushroom is edible. It is easy to assemble, but it should be done while he is young. The older the preload becomes, the wormier it is. If we talk about taste, they are low. The mushroom for a long time retains the smell of moist earth, characteristic of mold. The pulp has a sweetish and caustic taste in the plates, a little spicy.
Experts attribute black preloads to category IV and recommend using it together with other mushrooms. Most often it is used for salting, cooking soups, pickling and frying. After soaking and heat treatment, the flesh becomes black, the pungent odor leaves, and a pleasant sweet taste remains. Adult mushrooms, on the contrary, are hard and tasteless.
Dishes from black russula do not have high calorie content, for which diet lovers love and prefer them. Black podgrudok does not have toxic doubles, nevertheless it is better for a specialist to pick mushrooms.
