The whole culture of the people is displayed not only in paintings, songs, everyday life of people, but also in value orientations. Each society is trying to inculcate the values on which the spiritual life of the people is based, to future generations.
What are the principles of pedagogy?
The principles of education are the basis of the work of teachers. These are the rules on which people build children's confidence in themselves and the learning process. The word "principle" (principium from Latin) means the beginning or the foundation.
As far back as the 19th century, the main principles of pedagogy became known - nature conformity, that is, the correspondence of the level of knowledge to the child’s abilities, and culture conformity — features of social time and place that influence the formation of the child’s psyche. Consider when these ideas originated and how they developed.
Culture and personal education
Parenting is called upon to form a versatile and socially successful personality from a fully biological being with which a person is born. And the culture that surrounds the growing child, the characteristics of the ethnic group, religious beliefs and historical wealth - all these factors affect the pupils of schools.
The culture of the people literally builds a personality. And then the personality, having finally formed, creates a new enlightenment. The problem is that culture is very variable.
Therefore, each generation is somewhat different from its predecessors in terms of scientific views, norms of behavior, vision of law, humanism, truth and the like. And training cannot go against the internal attitudes of the personality. Teaching should take into account all the culturological universal achievements of previous generations, and, of course, the cognitive interests of the current generation.
A. Dysterweg. Heritage
Adolf Disterweg defined the basic theory of education. In his understanding, the internal potential should develop in the process of education due to the setting of goals, firstly, and secondly - independence.
Disterweg was a liberal politician, an active member of German society and a great humanist of his time. He sought to give the foundations of education to all classes of society: regardless of the social and financial situation of the family, the child had the right to decent education.
His goal was to educate not only educated, but also humane people who respect not only their people, but also others. This German educator first opposed German schools being subordinate to the church. He did not want schoolchildren from an early age to be taught to disregard foreign religions and nationalities. He taught to see the bright sides in each ethnic group.
Disterweg created several schools in his country and in each of them children were taught primarily humanism, as the highest moral value of all peoples.
Fundamental principles
Such a discipline as cultural studies in today's pedagogical universities aims to bring to the student's awareness the importance of social morality surrounding the child, expressed in the daily communication of members of society. The future teacher must understand the importance of the interpenetration of culture and personality. After all, in fact, the culture of speech fully reflects the inner world of a person.
For the first time, the principle of cultural conformity was introduced by the German educator A.F. Disterweg. He also considered it necessary to strengthen the independent work of students, and believed that all education should be built on 3 fundamental principles:
- Nature conformity - pedagogy must build a personality in accordance with the internal nature. That is, to develop those inclinations that already exist in a person.
- Cultural compatibility - all the norms of society and cultural achievements should be taken into account in the planning of training programs. Social experience and the culture that has developed as a result of centuries of development — political, moral, and family — all these norms crystallize in the child’s mind and form the basis of upbringing.
Self-reliance in the acquisition of knowledge. This principle means that only by taking the initiative does the child truly recognize the subject.
Adolf Disterweg considered the task of the teacher to activate the internal cognitive interests of students. The environment, in his opinion, is derivative in relation to human nature, his needs and character traits. And if the environment does not meet the expectations of the child, growing up, he contrasts himself with society, since he cannot naturally realize himself in this culture.
The value of the principle of culture
The "Teacher of Teachers" (Disterweg) found that the state of culture is as significant a phenomenon as landscape or historical heritage. Since every nation is at a certain stage of evolutionary development, an individual who will be part of this nation must absorb cultural characteristics and become a full-fledged citizen of this society.
Humanistic values within an individual must be properly nurtured. It is necessary that they serve him as a compass for independent choice of further fate.
Without observing the principle of culture-building in education, the teacher will not be able to give students anything more than the basics of his subject. Matured children will have difficulty integrating into society. Finding your “cell” in the social sea is vital for a teenager. A child of 14-16 years old is very dependent on the opinions of peers, parents are no longer as important at this time as friends and communication with like-minded people.
Practical implementation
But in practice, implementing this principle is very difficult. There are many separate cultural groups in our time, and the norms of society are constantly undergoing changes. Youth subcultures are too diverse and many of them need to be monitored by adults.
However, if the pupil has obvious talents in literature, for example, or in music, the teacher’s task is to support his interests in this particular direction, and not be ashamed for misunderstanding the other components of culture.
The culture of the urban population and the rural is significantly different. In the city, with the development of Internet addiction and a lack of parental attention, schoolchildren are often not influenced by teachers. Therefore, even if the teacher wants to help develop the makings in the child, “reaching out” to the humane and creative side of his personality is not always possible.
Modern views on the principles of education
However, the external culture of society (mass media, older friends) will still affect the child, and not always positively. Therefore, such a teacher as A.V. Madrid believes that in modern society the principle of cultural conformity is to help the child navigate the rapid changes that occur both within the individual with age and in society as a whole.
Modern society is too controversial. But during education, many factors must be taken into account: the relationship of the age characteristics of the child with his personality type, the noosphere, the rapid development of social processes. Such is the vision of the principles of nature conformity and cultural conformity by many modern educators. A teenager must feel that he is an active creator of the noosphere, and at the same time feel responsibility to society and nature.
Modern pedagogy also directs children's consciousness to the understanding that a person is not only a citizen of the Earth, but also a citizen of the universe, since cosmic discoveries have greatly changed culture over the past hundred years.
The concepts of external and internal culture
Human culture is diverse. And Disterweg conditionally divided it into 2 parts: external and internal. What is external culture? This is life where a baby grows from the first years of life, language, attitude to nature, public morality of his people, other factors. The inner culture includes personal spiritual representations of the child.
This teacher was not convinced, like the Englishman Owen, that a person was not able to cultivate a character in himself. On the contrary, A.F. Disterweg insisted that the inner culture of man be recognized by educators. There is still the concept of social culture. This includes the mass culture of the whole society. Everything that a child absorbs (all models of behavior and communication in society) becomes a part of his personal culture.
