The human problem in philosophy and the problem of anthroposociogenesis are two concepts that unite the only question about how a person came from an animal in the physical and spiritual sense. The great philosophers of our planet have worked and are working on these problems. Such great minds as Sigmund Freud, Karl Gustave Jung, Friedrich Engels, Johan Heyzing, Jacques Derida, Alfred Adler and many other theorists and philosophers directed their work towards solving the basic problems of anthroposociogenesis.
What is anthroposociogenesis?
Anthroposociogenesis is the process of the social formation and physical development of Homo sapiens as a species during historical events and in the process of formation of all links in the evolution chain. The problem of anthroposociogenesis is considered from the side of philosophy, sociology and other natural sciences and the humanities. The main issue of anthroposociogenesis is the evolutionary leap from the last animal to man.
Anthroposociogenesis and Philosophy
Anthropogenesis considers the issues of biological development and the formation of modern man, and sociogenesis - the formation of a social society. Since these issues cannot exist separately from each other or be consistent in the process of human development, the concept of anthroposociogenesis has appeared. And mainly philosophers and other theoretical scientists work on the solution of questions and problems of this concept. Why the problem of anthroposociogenesis is a philosophical problem is not difficult to explain. The fact is that the theory of the origin of man itself is not proven, and there are a number of inexplicable facts that do not allow it to be made logical and harmonious.
Also every day more and more facts are opened about the life and customs of primitive people, which periodically question most theories about the emergence of man. And since the question of the origin of Homo sapiens as a species remains open, its social formation, all the more, cannot be fully revealed. Therefore, it is the philosophers who, starting from the emerging facts, are trying to recreate the picture of the formation of society and man in it.
The problem of anthroposociogenesis
The entire prehistory of mankind is still not known for certain; every day, scientists are faced with new riddles and secrets of the past. Anthropologists and philosophers tirelessly argue about issues of human origin. Moreover, their opinions and positions often contradict each other. Anthropologists are busy searching for the “missing” link in evolution that helped the ape-like ancestor evolve into modern man. Philosophers are interested in a deeper question - the process of becoming a person and the emergence of society.
In the course of research, it became completely clear that animals did not become humans in the process of any one significant event. It was a rather long, gradual transition from one physical and social state to another, modern. Scientists, considering the problem of anthroposociogenesis, agreed that this process took place over 3 or 4 million years. That is much longer than the entire history of human evolution known to us today.
Anthroposociogenesis is complex in nature, since there could not be a clear sequence in the emergence of labor, society, language, consciousness and thinking. It is the combination of these processes that helped the formation of man. Most of the followers of the theory of labor, which indicates that the determining factor in the development of man was labor, and thanks to him other basic social and physiological skills have already begun to develop. The philosophical problems of anthroposociogenesis are that labor could not have arisen without a certain social interaction between ancient people. And they should have already had some useful skills that animals lacked in order to intentionally create tools and use them.
The problem of anthroposociogenesis, factors and principles of the development of anthroposociogenesis indicate that the appearance of articulate speech and, as a result, a language suitable for communication should be considered one of the most important factors. It is established that in the process of conversation people achieve maximum unity and mutual understanding. The whole objective environment around a person is designated by means of a linguistic description, acquires the so-called symbolic meaning. Only with the help of language is it possible to synchronize and specify the world around us. From this we can conclude that activities with the manufacture and use of any tools could not have arisen before the appearance of colloquial speech.
Based on this, the problem of anthroposociogenesis can be briefly divided into three messages: labor activity (the emergence of tools), language (the emergence and development of speech), social life (bringing people together and establishing basic interpersonal relationships and prohibitions). These main messages of anthroposociogenesis were singled out by Demetrius Falersky, an ancient Greek philosopher.
Concepts of Anthroposociogenesis
Anthroposociogenesis considers the problem of human origin in two planes: social and biological. In the course of work on the solution of this philosophical question, several concepts were created by the minds of mankind: creationist, labor, game, psychoanalytic, semiotic.
Creationist concept
The name of this concept comes from the term "creationism", which means "creation" in Latin. It presents a person as something unique, something that could not have arisen in this world without the intervention of forces from outside, that is, God. The Creator acts not only as the creator of a particular person, but also of the whole world in general. And the man plays the highest role in it - this is the crown of the mind, strength and wisdom, the perfect creation.
The creationist concept has a pronounced religious character. Previously, a mythological approach to the problem of anthroposociogenesis was used. It was believed that man was created from space, water, earth or air. The main difference between a person and an animal is that a person has an immortal soul. Islam, Judaism and Christianity agree and support this theory, since it is fundamental in their religious teachings.
The creationist concept is not forgotten or refuted; supporters of this theory are working on its proof in the modern world. The abrupt stages of evolution, the presence of reason, the ability for analytical thinking, morality - all this could not have arisen on its own. The Big Bang theory or an extra-natural source of creation in the guise of God - this is the way to explain these processes in the formation of man.
Labor concept
This concept is a continuation of Darwin's theory of human evolution. Darwin proved the presence of the evolutionary process in a biological sense, he substantiated the appearance of various species and subspecies of animals. But the scientist did not give a concrete and clear answer to the question of how the primate could evolve to humans. It is believed that it was labor that helped to turn into a human primacy, that is, a monkey. In the course of the compelled need to provide conditions for survival, the future Homo sapiens appears upright, the arm changes, the volume of the brain increases, and speech skills develop. And not only. At the same time, labor laid the foundations of social interaction between primitive people and, as a result, the emergence and formation of society and morality.
Based on the works of Friedrich Engels, who is the founder of this concept, anthroposociogenesis and the problem of human origin depend on two factors:
- Natural biological factor. Changing the Earth’s climate has forced the ancestors of modern man to descend from the trees and acquire new survival skills in a changing world.
- The social factor. It includes activities using home-made tools; the appearance of the speech apparatus as a way to describe and convey events around you, your experience, memories, etc. This also includes the appearance of a ban on sexual relations of close relatives and the murder of a fellow tribesman; progress in the manufacture of tools, namely the Neolithic revolution.
In addition to the theories presented, it is believed that labor primarily influenced the emergence of culture. And she subsequently made possible the development of man in the physical and social spheres.
Game concept
The labor concept is opposed by the game model of J. Hazing. In it, the game solves the problem of anthroposociogenesis. A person receives all his useful physical and social skills precisely thanks to the game. Free creative activity, excessive in relation to material interests and the need to survive, expressed in a playful way, is the first reason for the formation of culture, philosophy, religion and the need for physical development.
In modern philosophy, art and science it is not difficult to see signs of a playful character, which does not allow discarding this theory as insignificant. As a child during the game learns the world around him, joins the existing reality, so the primitive man, playing, adapted and developed in a changing world. The problem of anthroposociogenesis in philosophy is that it is not possible to fully compare with any theory to compare and determine the sequence of occurrence of the defining signs and factors of the biological and social aspects of human life.
Psychosomatic concept
Briefly, the problem of anthroposociogenesis in philosophy from the point of view of the psychosomatic model lies in two concepts: totem and taboo. The totem arises from the death of the leader of the community at the hands of his sons. And after the murder, he is deified and becomes a totem and revered ancestor. Taboo arises, also based on tragic events. Religion and morality arise from fatal situations in the sex life of a community. And it was they who to a greater extent influenced the further development of culture and man himself.
Semiotic concept
The problem of anthroposociogenesis in the semiotic concept is solved with the advent of language. When speech arose and a person was able to convey his thoughts to another individual, it was then that cultural and social development occurred. The semiotic model represents man as the only creature that can create such a sign system.
Cosmogonic concept
This theory is in little contact with creationist theory, since the emergence of man does not seem to be the result of evolution, but is considered to be received outside our world. The cosmogonic model suggests that man was "introduced" to planet Earth by another alien civilization. What exactly and for what purpose - the theory does not answer these questions. Also, the cosmogonic concept cannot explain how life appeared in space.
The concept of a smart plan
This is a completely new and modern theory, revealing the problem of anthroposociogenesis in philosophy. Despite its novelty, it has already managed to get the approval of a number of modern scientists and philosophers-theorists. The concept of a “rational plan” does not put forward any fundamentally new ideas about the biological and social formation of man - it rationally interconnects the earlier concepts of anthroposociogenesis. Based on this theory, there is a higher power, which can conditionally be called God or Creator, not yet known to modern science. This force designed and launched a comprehensive program for the development of the universe. And how this program is implemented is described in other models of anthroposociogenesis. That is, both cosmogonic and creationist, labor, game, semiotic, psychosomatic models of anthroposociogenesis take place, act as various predetermined mechanisms of action of a single common system. Systems, the goal of which is not yet available to anyone …
Unique features of man
Homo Sapiens is a biological species that has both similar features and characteristics of the representative of the animal world, as well as completely individual, not repeating in any other species and subspecies on planet Earth. Considering the issue of biological development, one can note a number of qualities that significantly distinguish a person from an animal and help in finding possible solutions to the problem of anthroposociogenesis. Social and biological in man are so inseparable concepts that it is extremely difficult to consider these issues separately. So, only a person can:
- Adapt the environment for themselves (the animal always adapts itself to existing conditions without trying to change them).
- Change nature in the public interest (animals can only satisfy physiological needs).
- To develop and create conditions for development in new areas. This refers to the areas and environments of our nature - water, earth, air, outer space (an animal is not able to independently change the way and environment for survival).
- Create a mass production of auxiliary equipment (the animal uses the tool randomly, as necessary).
- Rationally use his knowledge, he can reasonably think and engage in research and scientific activity (the animal relies only on its instincts and reflexes).
- Create objects of creativity, moral and ethical and moral values (the actions of animals are aimed only at practical utility).
