Today, a person has a choice: watch TV, read a newspaper or surf the feed on a social network to find out the first news. Wherever people are, even on the way, they can always hear the latest news from radio news. This is good, you say. And how did it all develop? After all, a hundred years ago there was no telephone, and the sending of telegrams and letters by means of servants and doves was relevant.
Media in the USA - the origins and prerequisites
Modern journalism in developed countries is the political, social and economic institutions of production activity. Over the past 80-90 years, bills have been developed, laws have been adopted that limit the functionality of the press. The life of the media in the United States rapidly began to develop closer to the 40s of the last century, when a powerful information and propaganda complex was recreated.
A huge sensation occurred for residents of the city of Boston, when at the end of September 1690 they saw the first printed newspaper, Public Occarans. It reflected the social events taking place in the city, and the newspaper was a leaflet of small size - just four pages of voluptuous rumors and news. The print edition of bookseller Benjamin Harris published over 10, 000 newspapers in circulation, and the number increased every year. The population grew, which provoked the need to publish more copies. The authorities of the colonial regime did not like this, since the life of the Indians and even foreign countries was also covered.
Harris's shop was closed. In 1715, another resource came out in Boston called the Boston News Letter. Herald founded by a native of America - John Campbell. The postmaster ran the company for over 70 years, until 1776. Soon, Philadelphia became a more popular city for collecting information, but already in 1784, New York took the championship. He took on the status of a “noisy” city that constantly delighted US residents with news. Because of the war with England, the US media began to print and “shout” about their independence with might and main, which put the whole world into a stupor. Then the spirit of freedom reigned, which the revolutionary Samuel Adams took advantage of. He founded the Independent Newspaper with Ads in Boston, and Thomas Payne became the most popular publisher. He left England for the United States in 1779 to publicize his newspaper sketches - ideas for ending slavery and black trade. His works were published in thousands of copies of leaflets and small posters in water.
Media History
After the war ended, America became an independent country, and in 1791 adopted the Constitution, where freedom of journalism was guaranteed by the first amendment to the Basic Law. Soon, the era of revolutionary newspapers was a thing of the past, and early capitalist press organizations were created. For a population of four million people, 17 newspapers and 200 publications were published. This inspired rich people to create their own publishing houses - it was enough to invest a little money in the purchase of a manual printing press and you were considered a millionaire. In 1820, more editions were published, and by 1828 the first Negro newspaper, Rights for All, appeared. Then the use of this word was not forbidden. Advertising grew brighter and occupied almost three quarters of the newspaper. Hand ads no longer stuck on street boards. In the 1840s, a commercial and industrial economy developed, commercial enterprises began to cover almost all pages of newspapers with their ads. People simply had nothing to read. The technological revolution has stepped forward:
- Railways were built.
- Transatlantic cables were laid.
- Telegraph communications developed.
- New rotational printing machines were introduced.
In the 1850s, the idea of a penny press was already introduced. These are newspapers that cost 1 fine or 2 cents. They were counting on a mass illiterate reader who saw fictitious implausible information in front of him. After only five years, many began to pay attention to the newspaper, whose style of publications was drawn to the history of human interest, psychology and the universe. This interested people the most:
- Published "real" stories of businessmen.
- The plot novels were printed.
- Scandals and intrigues.
- Incidents and crimes.
A similar tabloid press overshadowed the publication, after which the historical New York Times newspaper appeared in the US media.
How did she evolve?
The development of print publishing houses increased rapidly, hundreds of enterprises were engaged in replication, people did not have enough time to describe all the events of one city. There was an idea - to coordinate several deductions with neighboring states so that people were aware of what was happening outside the town. Popular media in the United States began to merge, forming influential media structures. Periodicals began to turn into a monopoly, and the audience’s concentration of attention fell to "no." In 1910, 13 new newspaper lines were registered, which even began to produce single-page copies of booklets with advertisements and anecdotes.
People liked it so much that over the next 7-9 years, the following types of news began to spread:
- Tabloids are a new type of inexpensive advertising for fans of the "yellow press". It depicted not summaries of the nearest events of the city, but real inventions about the powers that be.
- Half newspapers. There was also a demand for this type of press - in the bars it was convenient to read a booklet that could not be stained or spilled drinks on it.
After the First World War, radio stations began to appear in America, and by the 20s of the last century, the first television broadcasts began to be broadcast:
- The world famous CBS network has appeared.
- The NBC network arose a bit later; the National Broadcasting Company was founded.
- Created formats supported by advertising entertainment programs, electronic media systems.
- Broadcasting has become more important than the press. In the mid-20th century, it was considered the main media channel.
By the end of the war, tens of millions of radio points had already been built in the United States. They allowed to cover almost 87% of the population of the whole country. The progressive development of the press was carried out until 1945, after which the media network was completely modernized. An evening press appeared, since most of the population became interested only in news events after work. Then:
- The predominance of the Sunday press (Monday - day off), over the evening - many simply decided to spend their free time reading newspapers.
- Daily then began to prevail over Sunday.
- Then she was replaced by the morning.
- There was a regional.
- And then at all - local and central.
Advertising began to occupy 67.5% of all published material. Sunday publications were replicated in a large number of copies. During the period of “Soviet anxiety, ” when fear reigned and intimidation of the people, as during the Cold War, anti-communist persecution left its mark on history. This was reflected in the content of American newspapers, which played a fatal mistake that led to the deformation of news about the Soviet Union. In the 60s, a crisis erupted over America, because of which people lost confidence in television. The expansion also caused financial difficulties among many print owners. The strongest remained - The New York Times, The New York Daily News and The New York Post. They occupied the main media niche in America.
The main media in the US are the founders of information
The American media are unparalleled due to technical capabilities. Despite this, in the United States among the population of 45-67 years, most of them read newspapers and magazines in print media. The world watches American cinema, listens to foreign songs, loves cartoons, musicals and comedies with action movies. It would seem that this attracts viewers in these works, because the domestic media and entertainment for the population are no worse. The technology is to blame - television takes the first place, where the first three places are occupied by channels about culture and nature. The Fox network then began to compete, but decided to occupy the niche of the "entertaining" field.
Americans cannot survive without advertising, as they did 100 years ago. Therefore, 80% of the broadcasts were given to advertising sites in local and neighboring countries. New TV shows do not last long - up to six months, films are constantly new, spectacular. Nearly a dozen thousand radio stations are commercial. Stars of show business do not live without a rating. They “specialize” in serving a particular audience.
Freedom of the media was guaranteed by the US Constitution, so there is room for political news. Everything is funded by private holdings as opposed to radio. It is sponsored by the state by 45%, and there is no place for advertising and talk shows. National radio is completely state-owned - only businessmen and financiers, educated adults listen to it, and young people prefer to be content with private “grants”.
The main media are divided into blocks:
- Press - newspapers, magazines. All of them publish political and weekly news about events in the country and in the world.
- Television - there are commercial networks and free channels. CNN is the only and the first in the world to broadcast non-stop news. There are no repetitions, all in real time.
- Radio commercial broadcasting does not imply public news.
- United Press Agency. These are information reference channels belonging to one network, which are known all over the world. They are considered authoritative publications.
In addition, America is the birthplace of the Internet, so since 2004, more than half of people have been using it. As you know, it’s impossible to download a song or watch a movie for free, you have to pay for everything. And this is a huge web of financial investments and income. Global infrastructure has become a popular source of electronic media, and since the 90s there has also appeared a radio using such technology.
New York Times - a history of development
This newspaper shows how hard it is to be media in America - to exist for decades and not be involved in the chain reaction of mergers. In fact, the newspaper was published in 1851 and the readers immediately liked its literary level. Numerous, diverse publications - all this makes it indispensable. The turning point in her life was 1890, when Adolf Oke made a "character" for her. Since then, the newspaper has been in demand among the thinking public. “High journalism” was also noted in the form of circulation: over 148 years, it increased from 25 thousand to 600 thousand copies.
At the turn of the century, journalism has undergone a social progress movement. However, here the public withstood the blows and retained its leadership position. Reforms of the “progressive dirt in raking” (for the first time the phrase thundered in the Colllers magazine) did not break the publicists, on the contrary, they rallied. And the changes affected the journal editions. The Time magazine first appeared in 1929. The consonant and incomplete name seemed to supplant the newspaper with a consonant title. But the New York Times had brave guys who immediately published a protested article on trademark theft.
Being a beginner, the magazine quickly went into the bowels, and the championship was returned to a world-famous newspaper. Throughout its existence, she received 117 Pulitzer Prizes for outstanding achievements in the field of journalism of various categories and times. She received the Peabody Prize four times, one of which was awarded to Jack Gould in 1956.
"America today" - what constitutes
Another newspaper is USA Today, which has been gaining popularity since the 70s of the last century. In the years when paper became more expensive (one ton cost almost $ 500), type newspapers began to increase circulation, and the cost was already half a dollar. USA Today earned nearly ten thousand dollars a month on advertising print. This is more than 61 million copies in circulation. In 1982, the newspaper was considered popular and expensive. The “white-collar” class could not afford it, so there was more advertising there.
Unusual layout, large headlines and catchy illustrations - all this attracted readers, causing an association with the usual on-screen videos. By style - reference, equipped with school and book type applications. In the media, "USA Today" is considered a full-fledged newspaper, targeted at young people and middle-aged audiences.
Wall Street Magazine - What are They Talking About?
This is a 9-sheet newspaper, more like a magazine. The Wall Street Journal is published every day for business people with a circulation of a millionaire. Every day, in all cities of America, people collect information, news and something interesting from the cultural side of the United States to present everything in the form of publications in a day. News sections cover the situation in economics, politics, the financial world, culture and sports. Recently, analytics and technology data began to be published, so the Wall Street Journal can safely be attributed to a number of “smart” newspapers. The name, of course, initially reflects the opposite idea of the idea, but this does not mean that it is read by street hooligans. No, this is due to the name of the street where the US financial center, which finances the publisher, is located.
WSJ is an international newspaper published daily in England and America. There are both European and Asian issues, but the majority of readers are English. In the electronic version of the media, the newspaper counts nearly a million visits to the official site and several billion page views per day.
Press and News Agencies
This is a separate infrastructure that is subject to state lending. Grants are given to those agencies that have "kept afloat" in the field of journalism for more than 100 years. The main such "sharks" are:
- United Press is a privately held company from New York, founded in 1907.
- Associated Press is a state-owned company that has existed since 1848.
- International News Service is a private publication founded back in 1909.
In 1959, the first and last agencies were merged into one - United Press International. Owners became Scripps and Hurst.
Also, all agencies can be divided into several areas in which each publishes separate stylistic news:
- Advocacy organizations like USIA and Voice of America.
- Typological - newspaper press, which is published in the morning, evening, weekly, and so on.
- Specialized publications - Osborn Chronix.
- Elite (high-quality) press, like the Washington Post.
- Mass media - morning and evening newspapers, like World Repost.
- Illustrative magazines - TV Guide or Life.
- Digests.
- Sunday newspaper attachments.
Over the past two decades, the US News Agency has been developing in the direction of business and technology in close connection with social problems. Also, attention should be paid to another information source:
- National magazine - for men and women issues separate issues, once every two weeks.
- Professional magazines - published once a quarter.
- PR magazines are very popular in the USA, they are published free of charge among workers of various institutions (for clients).
The press in the United States forms the main source of information companies, but they are supplemented by electronic versions of magazines, radio and TV channels.
Radio and television broadcasting
When the development of print news changed the fiber optic cable, production costs dropped to 68%. Cable companies began to appear, platforms and companies for the creation of multisystem operators were opened. At first 93 programs were broadcast, after which mass networks appeared - separately, television broadcasting was launched as part of children's and adult time. Television in the United States was subject to revolution when a Russian engineer, Vladimir Zvorykin, conducted television experiments in 1921.
Later, songs and news sounded on the radio waves. Networks of local radio stations are in the FM band. Most of the companies are owned by PBS Corporation. 100 years ago, a live image was transmitted along the waves, and then broadcasting. Nearly 110 stations were opened in the middle of the last century, and about 6 million TVs were sold per year.
Broadcasting in the USA today does not occupy the last place in the life of citizens, since they cannot do without it.
