The Tyumen region, whose territory is the third largest in Russia, has always been and remains at the moment, one of the supporting regions of the country. Despite the harsh climatic conditions, it is developing economically, factories are being built here, and the population is increasing. Of course, one of the main reasons for the success of the northern region is the rich reserves of natural resources. The bulk of the country's gas and oil reserves are concentrated in the bowels of the autonomous okrugs.
The facts of the ancient history of the region
The settlement of the territory of the modern Tyumen region began in the Upper (Late) Paleolithic about 43 thousand years ago. This fact is confirmed by an amazing find near the village of Baigara - the heel (talus) bone of the hominid. Its size is approximately 4.5 by 5 cm, and it belonged to an adult at the age of 20-50 years old, who lived in these places 43 thousand years ago. The hominid is thought to belong to the genus Homo sapiens.
It should be noted that the area of the Tyumen region is quite large, and archaeologists have where to "walk around" in search of confirmation of the early settlement of these lands. So, on the shores of Lake St. Andrew and Tours, the first traces of human habitation (burial grounds and the remains of settlements) were discovered. They belong to the Sargat culture that existed in the 7-6 centuries. BC e. In the first millennium, the resettlement of nomads began: the Ugrians and Samoyed tribes, who were forced out from the south by Turkic-speaking peoples. Mingling with indigenous indigenous tribes, they formed new nationalities, in particular Mansi and Khanty, Selkups, Nenets.
In the 13-16 centuries, the capital of the Tyumen Khanate of Kereits and Tatars was located on the shore of Tyumen. It was in vassal dependence on the medieval eastern state of the Golden Horde. After crushing the latter into separate khanates, the first association is formed in Siberia - the Principality of Veliky Tyumen. He was replaced by the Siberian Khanate in 1420 with the capital in Kashlyk.
Conquest of Siberia
Currently, the total area of the Tyumen region (including autonomous regions) is 1, 464, 173 km 2, and this is the lion's share of the Western part of Siberia. The territories were the first on the way of the Russians to the East. By their arrival in the 16th century they were inhabited by Nenets (reindeer herders), Khanty and taiga hunters and Mansi fishers. The number of tribes was about 8 and 15-18 thousand people, respectively. Turkic tribes lived in the south, which were generically called "Tatars".
It is generally accepted that the advancement of Russians in Siberia went quite peacefully. They rather introduced into new territories than conquered them. The active development of the Urals and Trans-Urals by Moscow began after the fall of Novgorod in 1478, but until the end of the 16th century it was limited to only a few successful trips. The Siberian Khanate was gaining strength and becoming a threat to the eastern lands. After an attack on the rich possessions of the Stroganov merchants in 1573, organized by Kuchum, a detachment was led, led by ataman Yermak. He literally opened the way to the East for Muscovites; the conquest of Siberia by that time could not be stopped. After a little less than a century, she was completely annexed to the Russian state.
Geographical location and area of the Tyumen region
As noted above, the area of the Tyumen region is 1, 464, 173 km 2, the region ranks third in size after the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The length from west to east and north to south is 1, 400 km and 2, 100 km, respectively. The Tyumen region is located in the southwestern part of the low West Siberian plain. The northernmost point is Cape Skuratova on the Yamal Peninsula, the southern one in the Sladkovsky District, the western one is the source of the Northern Sosva River, and the eastern one is in the Nizhnevartovsk District. Part of the region is washed by the waters of the Kara Sea, the other borders with the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Kurgan, Omsk, Sverdlovsk, Tomsk and Arkhangelsk regions, the Republic of Komi, as well as Kazakhstan. The region got its modern name on August 14, 1944.
Administrative division
There are two autonomous okrugs in the region: Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansiysk. In 1993, they received a status equivalent to the subjects of the Russian Federation, however, they are officially still part of the Tyumen region. They are impressive for their size: 769, 250 km 2 and 534, 801 km 2, respectively. The area of the Tyumen region without autonomous districts is not too large - only 160 122 km 2.
The region includes 29 cities, the largest of them: Tyumen (720 575 people), Surgut (348 643 people), Nizhnevartovsk (270 846 people), Nefteyugansk (125 368 people), Novy Urengoy (111 163 people), Noyabrsk (106 631 people). They are approaching the 100, 000 population of Tobolsk (pictured above) and Khanty-Mansiysk. Among cities, small ones predominate - up to 50 thousand people. The region is divided into 38 districts; there are 480 municipalities.
The climate of the northern part of the region
Due to the fact that the area of the Tyumen region is large, the climate in some of its regions can differ significantly, as well as flora and fauna. The vast territory is located in the zone of arctic deserts, forest-tundra and tundra, taiga, forest-steppe and mixed forests. The region is characterized by extreme climatic conditions for the most part. The Far North includes the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Berezovsky and Beloyarsky districts of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra, the remaining administrative units of the latter and the Uvat region are equated to them.
In the north of the region, the Arctic (polar) climate dominates with year-round negative air temperatures. It is determined by the proximity of the Kara Sea and the presence of permafrost, an abundance of rivers, swamps and lakes. The Arctic climate is characterized by long winters (up to 8 months), very short summers, low rainfall and strong winds. The average annual temperature is negative, about -10 ° C, in winter the lower threshold is fixed at around -70 ° C. The area of the Tyumen region, located in these climatic conditions, is more than half of the total (pay attention to the map above, AO are shaded).
Climate of the central and southern part of the region
The central and southern part of the Tyumen region is subject to the temperate climate that forms in the Northern Hemisphere. It is characterized by frequent and significant changes in atmospheric pressure, air temperature, and changes in wind direction. All this is the result of the intense activity of cyclones. The temperate climate has four distinct seasons: winter and summer (main), autumn and spring (intermediate). In winter, a permanent snow cover is established. The climate can have a varying degree of severity from moderate to sharply continental. So, the period with an air temperature below 0 ° C is 130 days a year in the capital of the region. The area of the south of the Tyumen region is approximately 1/3 of the entire territory.
Minerals
The Tyumen region has hydrocarbon reserves that are noticeable on a global scale. It is in its bowels that the bulk of the country's gas and oil is concentrated. The total volume of exploration drilling exceeded 45 million m 3. Oil is extracted mainly in the Ob region, and gas in the northern regions. The process is associated with the rapid development of the region. The most famous and richest hydrocarbon deposits are Fedorovskoye, Mamontovskoye, Priobskoye, Samotlorskoye, and gas - Yamburgskoye, Urengoyskoye, Medvezhye. Peat, quartz sand, sapropel, limestone, precious stones, metal ore (copper, chromite, lead) are mined.
Water and forest resources
The region has an impressive supply of fresh water, which is concentrated in the main rivers - Irtysh and Ob (have navigable importance), Tobol, lakes Big Uvat, Black, etc. The area of the Tyumen region in the square. km occupied by forests is 430, 000 (43 million ha). According to this indicator, it ranks third among all regions of the country. In the south there are hot springs, the water temperature in which ranges from 37 to 50 ° C, they have balneological properties and are popular not only with local residents, but also among tourists from neighboring regions.
