Inspired by Jules Verne's Journey to the Center of the Earth, scientists from all over the world seek to get as deep into the bowels of our planet as possible. But even with the advent of modern technology, only 0.002% of the total distance to the center of the Earth was managed. We will tell you about the 10 deepest and most exciting "holes" in the world, in the depths of which are the answers to many questions.
10. Funnel in the center of Guatemala
On May 30, 2010, a massive funnel 18.3 m wide and 100 m deep appeared in the very center of the lively area of Guatemala City. A funnel swallowed a whole three-story factory. For residents of the city, this, of course, was a surprise, but not a shock. Firstly, Guatemala is built on not the most durable materials, such as volcanic pumice. This increases the likelihood of funneling at times. Secondly, a similar "hole" already appeared in 2007.
The funnel, which was formed in 2010, was associated with the consequences of the tropical storm "Agatha", the eruption of Pakaya volcano, limestone soil and underground pipes. It is assumed that it was the failure of the communications that led to the weakening of the soil under the building. So, the scenario of "War of the Worlds" had to be postponed …
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9. "Dragon Hole"
Blue holes are giant pits located hundreds of meters under water. Differ in characteristic blue color. Dragon Hole is the deepest known blue hole in the world. It is located about 25 km south of the Discovery Reef on the Paracel Islands, in the South China Sea.
According to the 16th-century Chinese novel, Journey to the West, Dragon Hole is the place where the Monkey King discovered his golden club. Experts suggest that this blue hole can give an idea of climate change based on changes in water levels over many years. Marine life exists only in the upper part of the "hole", since oxygen is completely absent at a depth of 100 meters. The hole depth was examined using a robot equipped with a special sensor - it is 300 meters.
8. Funnel Nongle
In 2018, a group of Sino-British cavers discovered a massive funnel in which the two Great Pyramids could easily fit. The Nongle funnel is considered the deepest natural failure in the world. From the highest point on the ridge, its depth is slightly less than 450 meters. It is assumed that the funnel was formed due to limestone deposits by the oceans 250 million years ago and tectonic forces.
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The team of researchers was able to go down to 220 meters, where they discovered a huge cave hall. Later, another room was found, connected by a passage with the first.
7. Mine "Mir" (main photo)
Mine "Mir" is considered the most expensive mining mine in the world, worth more than 13 billion pounds (at the current exchange rate, this is more than 800 billion rubles.). The mine is located in Eastern Siberia. Its dimensions are truly impressive: a depth of 530 meters and a diameter of almost 1.5 km. Diamonds mined from the mine played a huge role in transforming the USSR from a war-torn country into a global superpower.
The crater is so huge that it can create a whirlwind that can tighten a helicopter flying over a funnel. The nearby airspace was closed after several similar incidents. The company ceased operations in 2010 and plans to build a giant dome city over an idle mine.
6. Cave of Verevkin
Verevkina Cave is located in the Gagra Range in Abkhazia. It is the deepest known cave on Earth and is even listed in the Guinness Book of Records. The entrance to the cave was discovered in 1968 at a depth of 2309 meters above sea level. It took a team of Russian cavers almost a week to get to the bottom of the cave.
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The cave is home to rare and possibly new species of shrimp and scorpions. The place also boasts a beautiful, turquoise lake surrounded by black limestone, located below the surface. In September 2018, a National Geographic photographer with a group of cavers visited the bottom of the cave.
5. Jinping Underground Laboratory
The laboratory is an underground research center located at a depth of 2.41 km in the Jinping Mountains of Sichuan, China. CDEX, PandaX and THU-LBF are screened here. These experiments study neutrinos that are generated in the mantle and crust of the Earth. The solid stones surrounding the laboratory serve as an ideal radiation shield, making it the best-protected underground laboratory in the world.
The laboratory plans a 50-fold expansion of its facilities in order to gain more space for experiments. Once expansion is complete, Jinping will become the world's largest and deepest underground laboratory.
4. Davidson Seamount
Davidson Seamount - An untouched seamount mountain environment located off the coast of Central California. The height of the entire mountain is 2.4 km, but the peak is 1.25 km below the sea surface. Seamount was discovered in 1933 and named after George Davidson, a famous geographer. According to argon dating, it formed 15 million years ago.
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Seamount is a biological treasury consisting of 237 species and 27 types of deep-sea corals in its ecosystem. The Davidson Seamount was also included in the Monterey Bay National Marine Reserve in 2009. The surface of the mountain consists of block flows of lava, volcanic ash and pyroclastic material. The base of the mountain is buried deep in the seabed.
3. Challenger Abyss
Challenger Abyss is located in the Mariana Trench, the Pacific Ocean. This is a crescent-shaped crevice in the lower part of the ocean trench. The abyss was named after the royal naval ship, which first recorded its depth.
So far there have been only four descents, and director James Cameron was the first person to reach the bottom of the abyss. The descent was made possible thanks to the deep-sea car Deepsea Challenger. It took him a total of two hours and 36 minutes to get to the bottom.
The robot submarine recorded strange sounds of low rumbles, alien moans and a piercing screech. Scientists attributed the noise to both natural and artificial sources. Alien moans have been identified as a song of a previously unknown type of baleen.
Scientists also reported that millions of microbial life forms inhabit the depths.
2. Kola well
The Kola well is a scientific drilling project launched by the Soviet Union in the Pechenga district of the Kola Peninsula. The project was the result of competition between the USA and the USSR. Two superpowers competed with each other to drill the deepest hole in the world. While the United States was forced to abandon its Mohole project due to insufficient funding, the Soviet Union managed to surpass the United States by drilling 12.2 km.
The project was the site of extensive geophysical research, which included seismic faults, the thermal temperature of the Earth, the physical and chemical composition of the earth's crust, rock structures and geophysics. Scientists were able to detect water formed by parasitic oxygen and hydrogen atoms, compressed between rocks filled with minerals.
Unfortunately, the studies had to be closed in 1995, when the team faced a scorching temperature of 180 ° C, an increased density of rocks, as well as the collapse of the Soviet Union. And although the Kola Well is known as the deepest artificially created point on Earth, the hole is only 0.002% of the total distance to the center of the Earth.
