To assess the effectiveness of the company (manufacturing enterprise), a document such as a balance sheet is drawn up. It reflects the ratio of assets and liabilities of the enterprise. In turn, assets are divided into fixed and current assets. Accounting for working capital usually does not cause problems, but the main ones used repeatedly over a number of years are sometimes difficult to evaluate. For the procedure for their valuation, a concept such as book value is used.
What it is? In accounting, this term refers to the value of long-term assets that are recorded in the balance sheet and recorded in the balance sheet of the enterprise. Long-term assets are understood as the value of the company's object.
The book value of the company is equal to the value of its so-called. net assets, that is, the value of total assets after deducting debts (total liabilities). To assess it, the concepts of initial, replacement and inventory value are used.
The carrying amount of property, plant and equipment is usually recognized at cost, from which accumulated depreciation is deducted. The initial cost consists of the cost of the construction or construction of these funds and the costs of delivery and installation.
The replacement cost is used when accounting for fixed assets for which revaluation was carried out as of January 1, 1960. It is this value that was determined during revaluation that is entered into the balance sheet. Fixed assets, the acquisition or construction of which was carried out at the expense of capital investments, are accounted for at inventory value. The objects received free of charge are recorded according to the documents of the transferring party (including the costs of the recipient for the installation, if necessary). At actual cost, raw materials, fuel, spare parts, and finished products are reflected in the balance sheet. Low-value (wearing) items - at historical cost (their depreciation is a separate article in the liability).
The procedure for determining the initial cost is determined by law and depends on the method of acquisition of these funds (construction, manufacture, donation, barter exchange, share payment, transfer to trust). The book value of funds that have just arrived at the enterprise is usually equal to their initial cost. Most often, it consists of the costs of acquiring an object and putting it into operation.
In all subsequent reporting periods, the carrying amount is reduced by the amount of losses incurred and accumulated depreciation. In addition, if borrowed funds were used to acquire fixed assets, then payment of interest on the loan for the reporting period should be taken into account.
Mandatory revaluation of fixed assets is carried out annually. Their book value can change during operation under the influence of many different factors: changes in market value, repair and reconstruction costs, maintenance, etc. The cost of funds is also affected by operating conditions - environmental aggressiveness, length of use, number of work shifts, processes inflation. All this sometimes makes the determination of book value a task feasible only for highly qualified specialists.
The value of a company's stock can be calculated in different ways. The nominal value declared upon the issue of shares is determined by the size of the shareholder's share in the authorized capital. The nominal value of shares is almost never used, since immediately after the issue they begin to be sold at the issue price (issue), which is higher than the nominal one.
In the financial statements of the enterprise appears the carrying value of the share. It is equal to the ratio of the value of its net assets to the number of shares issued.
The value of assets is determined in a uniform manner for all according to the instructions of the Ministry of Finance. In this case, discrepancies in the norms calculated according to the instructions and the actual market value are possible. A more realistic indicator is the market value of one share, equal to the market value of assets divided by the number of shares. In addition, there is a liquidation value of shares - when determining it, the liquidation value of assets is taken into account, that is, the value for which the assets of the enterprise can be sold in case of bankruptcy. Assessing this value is a necessary step in planning large investments to predict potential risk.
