Tyumen is the administrative center of the Tyumen region. This city is the first Russian settlement in Siberia. We will learn about how many residents lived and live in Tyumen today, what they do, from this article.
City name history
Where did the city get its name from? There are various assumptions about this. According to one, the name "Tyumen" comes from the Turkic concept of "Tumen", which means "ten thousand." According to others, he is associated with the Bashkir "tumede", which means "below." There is a version that Tyumen got its name from the ancient Tatar Chimgi-Tura, which meant "city on the way." For a long time it was believed that it comes from two Türkic words: “bye”, which means belonging, and “mena” - property, together - my property.
Tyumen geographical location and climate
Tyumen was founded in the Asian part of Russia on a high cape, between two West Siberian rivers - Tura (a tributary of the Irtysh) and Tyumen, surrounded by pine and birch forests. Today the area of the city is 83.13 square meters. km
The city is located in a difficult climate zone, due to the lack of mountains in the north and south. There is a long harsh winter and a rather short summer. Frequent invasion of arctic air masses or hot air from the Kazakh steppes and deserts of Central Asia, warm moist winds from the Atlantic breaking through the Ural Mountains make the weather in Tyumen unstable throughout the year.
History of the foundation of Tyumen
The city was founded in 1586 by Cossacks sent by the authorities to protect the lands of the Urals, which became part of the Russian state, from raids by the troops of the Siberian Khanate, which arose as a result of the death of the Golden Horde. In 1563, after the Khan Kuchum came to power, the Tatars invaded Russian territories. One of the Cossack detachments under the command of the ataman Yermak in 1852 inflicted a significant defeat on the Tatars, capturing the capital of the Siberian Khanate - Kashlyk. The army of Khan Kuchum was forced to retreat. For the arrangement of the conquered territories, governors from Moscow rushed to Siberia.
In 1586, near the ruins of the Tatar city of Chimgi-Tura, a new fortress was laid. So the first Russian city of Tyumen appeared in Siberia. Its population was initially small. Archers, Cossacks, boyar children settled here. Near the fortress walls over time a posad arose.
The population of Tyumen grew depending on external circumstances, increasing in times of military danger. The city was primarily of defensive significance. Tyumen became an outpost to protect the lands of the Russian state from nomadic steppe tribes that raided until the middle of the 17th century.
The main historical periods of development of Tyumen
At the end of the 16th century, after the tsar’s decree on the development of trade in Siberia and the attraction of Bukhara to it, trade caravans poured through Tyumen. This could not but affect the population. G. Tyumen began to grow rapidly due to the merchants who settled here. Over time, it has become a significant center located on the trade route to the East and Central Asia.
According to written sources that have survived to our time, “sentinel books, ” the population of Tyumen at the beginning of the 17th century was 500 people. Half of them were in service people. Many peasants appeared in the city, seeking protection beyond the walls of a fortified settlement
The city was growing. Settlements appeared, monasteries were built, residential buildings. Wooden Tyumen survived the glow of conflagration several times. But it was reborn again, rebuilding anew. The territory grew, and with it the number of inhabitants. Tyumen, whose population in the late XVII - early XVIII centuries amounted to more than three thousand people, has become a major craft center of Siberia.
Stone construction began in the city in the 18th century. A bridge was built across the Tyumen river, new temples were erected. Brick buildings began to be built.
In the XIX century, Tyumen became the main industrial, craft and agricultural center of Western Siberia. The first Siberian ship was designed and launched here. The Tyumen port began to be called the "gateway to Siberia" due to the large annual cargo turnover.
Tyumen in the 20th century
In the XX century, Tyumen became a major industrial center of Western Siberia with developed shipbuilding, leather, woodworking, forestry, fishing and carpet weaving industries. There were many banks in the city. Tyumen merchants actively traded throughout Russia and abroad. Every year in June, a large trade and industrial fair, known throughout Siberia, was held in Tyumen.
At the beginning of the XX century, the population of Tyumen reached 30 thousand people. For the most part tradesmen and merchants lived here. A city newspaper was published, a theater and a circus worked. There was a man’s monastery, 18 churches. Educational institutions have been created.
During the years of Soviet power, Tyumen became a provincial center. With the discovery of large mineral deposits - natural gas and oil - the city acquired the status of a major administrative center, from where one of the country's main oil and gas production complexes was managed.
