World experience suggests that an innovative economy is created on the basis of the development of entrepreneurship. Peter Drucker, a well-known German scientist, emphasizes that innovation is a special business tool that forms new resources. Our article will focus on the organization and factors of the innovation environment. We will analyze the classification and main functions of the category.
General Provisions
Peter Drucker noted that a resource cannot become such until someone finds something meaningful in nature, and thereby does not give this subject or concept economic value. It should be borne in mind that in the modern economy, material (material) production often becomes not the main one, since it becomes obsolete approximately every 5-10 years. Intellectual resources, by contrast, are constantly changing their own content. Thus, the formation of an innovative environment is ongoing. This phenomenon is primarily associated with the global large-scale process of informatization of the economic industry, which increases the role of information in the management and organization of activities. It must be borne in mind that the informatization of production processes in many ways "draws" an innovative way to expand modern national economies.
In Russian conditions, the important prerequisites for implementing the concept of economic development in the field of innovation are the following:
- Creation of industrial and technological policy at the regional and national levels.
- Restructuring of the industrial field.
- Modernization of production in the technical plan on the basis of informatization.
- R&D development.
- Proper reform of the training system, as well as retraining of employees for innovative activities.
All of the above involves the formation of an innovative environment. In addition, these items together constitute a variety of different social systems that together create a favorable or unfavorable environment in the field of innovation. It is within its framework that the development of innovative activity takes place.
Creating an Innovation Environment
The formation of an innovative type of economy in Russia requires, first and foremost, targeted and serious training of specialists who are ready to solve applied and scientific problems, put forward new ideas, provided that the existing base of scientific knowledge and experience at the interdisciplinary level is applied. These employees should bring their own ideas to commercial and practical implementation. This alignment and involves the organization of the innovative environment of the enterprise or other structure.
In this regard, two fundamentally new concepts arose in the innovation economy: the innovator and the innovator. Under the first one, one should consider a person putting forward ideas, generating new knowledge. The innovator promotes them, thanks to which he organizes an innovative business and manages the innovation environment in the organization. They act inseparably from each other to create and further develop a successful business, because to invent or open is not enough. It is necessary to bring the idea to the final result. Especially in the conditions of the modern economy, when it is required to show firmness of character, apply extraordinary abilities in terms of organizational activities, show willingness to take risks, and also be able to take responsibility.
Innovation Environment Models
Consider the classification of a category. Today it is customary to distinguish two varieties of the environment in the field of innovation:
- External innovation environment. It represents a macroenvironment and a microenvironment (in other words, a distant and near environment) that make up the external environment of anyone involved in the innovation process. They have either a direct (microenvironment) or indirect (macroenvironment) impact on factors of innovative activity and, accordingly, on the final result. It is worth noting that the components of the macroenvironment are the economic, social, political and technological spheres. Among the components of the external microenvironment, it is necessary to single out some strategic economic zones (abbreviated as SZH), the innovation market, the business area, the market for pure competition of innovations (innovations), the market for innovative investments (capital), the links of the innovation infrastructure, and the elements of the administrative system that serve the innovation process. Knowledge of the external environment in the field of innovation requires a correct assessment of the innovation climate in the company.
- Internal innovation environment. In this case, we are talking about intra-company relations, relations formed by the state of certain parts of the company’s system, which affect its activities in the field of innovation. It is worth adding that awareness of the internal innovation environment requires a competent assessment of the innovative potential of the company.
Knowledge of the environment as a whole allows you to evaluate the innovative position of the company.
Let’s look at an example
Further, it is advisable to consider the organization of the innovation environment using a specific example. Two people took part in the creation of Macintosh: Apple innovator Jeff Ruskin, and Steve Jobs, innovator. Almost no one remembers the first, and the second has become known throughout the world as the business genius of modern information technologies.
The most important requirements for training innovators are the following elements:
- To notice and put (formulate) a problem.
- To propose solutions that can lead to a change in the social, political, technological or economic situation.
- Evaluate existing solutions and choose the best one.
- Design the implementation of the solution.
- Design the evolution of the system, that is, manage change.
It is worth noting that the activity of innovators in one way or another takes place in an innovative environment. In other words, we are talking about the totality of all objects whose changing characteristics affect the system as a whole. That is why the creation of an innovative subject-development environment is considered to be the determining component of the innovative development of all types of activities.
History of the concept
The concept of an innovative environment appeared in 1980. Initially, it was a means of analyzing systemic factors in the organization of innovative activity of economic entities with the aim of developing new markets and creating new production. It is worth noting that one of the first scientists who developed a definition for this term was Manuel Castells. He considered the innovative environment of innovation as a specific set of relations between production and management, which is based on social organization. It should be clarified that the latter shares instrumental goals aimed at generating new processes, new knowledge, as well as creating new products, and a work culture.
The definition presented is based on a system principle. Within its framework, the researcher analyzes the innovation environment and concludes that it is a combination of different systems that fully ensure the creation of innovative products, but only in the process of organizing production and subsequent management.
Definitions presented in the scientific literature
In the scientific literature you can find various definitions of the innovative environment of enterprises. It is advisable to present some of them:
- The historical political, legal and socio-economic environment that ensures or inhibits the development of innovative activities. This is done to implement, as well as increase the innovative potential of the environment. As it turned out, classification on the internal and external environment is appropriate here. It should be added that in this definition there is no clear interpretation of the specifics of the environment in the field of innovation - the relationships of different environments are considered.
- The set of processes, tools, mechanisms, human capital and infrastructure elements that provide innovative activity.
It should be noted that the presented definitions of the innovative environment of enterprises imply the subjective views of scientists and researchers on identifying the boundaries within which the formation of a system of innovative activity is carried out. It is worth noting that today there is no single definition in the regulatory framework. That is why each author has the right to give his own idea regarding the innovation environment. You need to understand that the concepts of "system" and "environment" are considered basic terms of system theory. So, the identification of the boundaries of the system in the environment surrounding it, the inclusion of specific objects as the system under study is done directly by the researcher, as a rule, on a creative basis. This rule is one of the main in terms of system analysis. Based on this, we offer a universal understanding of the term in question.
Universal definition
Under the innovation environment, it is advisable to understand the totality of systems that are the fundamental core that forms innovative activity, based on the classical theory of innovation by J. Schumpeter. That is why, in a generalized version, the Russian environment in the field of innovation can be represented as a combination of the following systems: entrepreneurship, the educational system, science, and technological and technological developments. It is important to note that, in combination, they ensure the full functioning of the overall system of innovative production, and also create an innovative product system.
Comments
Such a presentation provides a basis for understanding the need, first of all, for organizing the interconnection of education systems, science, development in technical and technological terms and entrepreneurship. They represent the basic basis not only for the development of activities in the field of innovation, but also for innovative thinking, if we take into account the innovative development of modern society.
The entry into this environment of additional components (socio-economic and other systems) gives dynamics and expansion as favorable factors for economic development along the innovative path. You need to know that the presented environment is considered the first level or area for the development of a national innovative state system. It is in it that the formation of the main subjects of innovation, that is, organizations and individuals that implement the creation and further promotion of the product in the field of innovation, is carried out. All other systems that create the environment can also be considered an infrastructure.
Innovation infrastructure should be understood as a combination of business entities, resources and tools that fully provide material, technical, organizational, methodological, financial, consulting, information and other services for innovation activities.
Innovative Entrepreneurship in Russia
Today, the development of innovative entrepreneurial activity for Russia is of strategic importance in the implementation of national innovation policy. That is why government agencies pay great attention to this issue. Creating a favorable environment in the field of innovation is necessary in order to fully ensure high-tech production. The presented task is realized by identifying and further applying the innovative capabilities of the systems discussed above, as well as creating the conditions for the effectiveness of activities in the field of innovation.
It must be remembered that the development of an environment that is favorable for innovation, at any level, is one of the main tasks set in the Strategy for Innovative Development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2020. It is worth adding that this document was approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation of 08.12.2011 No. 2227 -R.
The purpose, tasks and functions of the environment in the field of innovation in Russia
The main goal of creating an innovative environment in the territory of the Russian Federation is to create from the position of state. innovative policy of extremely favorable organizational (medium and small innovative structures), legal (regulation in the field of circulation of intellectual property), as well as economic (tax credits, tax incentives for investments, cooperative research) factors for the effective development of the latest technical and scientific-technological achievements in production.
The main tasks that must be completed in order to create a favorable environment for innovation in Russia:
- Mastering in production, as well as creating market prerequisites for a high-tech competitive product (service).
- Formation of conditions for effective and dynamic updating of both physically and morally worn out fixed assets in the field of creating a high-tech competitive product (service).
- Creating conditions for the effective integration of education, science, as well as industrial production for the full development and expansion of innovative potential.
It should be noted that the key function of the environment in the field of innovation is to ensure the proper development, subsequent implementation and application of new technologies, ideas, products, as well as improving the quality of public life by:
- Creation of new jobs in the field of services, production and science.
- Increasing revenues to the state budget by increasing the production volume of a competitive high-tech product.
- Solutions to national social and environmental problems through the use of the latest technology.
