Throughout history, the Perm Territory has been multi-ethnic. Today, representatives of 125 different ethnic groups live in it. What peoples inhabit the Perm Territory? Which of them are the indigenous inhabitants of the region?
Perm region
Through the region runs the border between Europe and Asia. A significant territory of the region is located in the east of the European part of Russia. The Republic of Komi borders on it in the north, Bashkortostan in the south, Sverdlovsk region in the east, and the Kirov region in the northwest.
Modern education - the Perm Territory - was formed in 2005, after the unification of the Perm Region and the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. The main administrative center is the city of Perm. The territory of the region was inhabited by people back in the Paleolithic era. Active development by the Russians began around the 16th century and intensified in the 17th century, after the discovery of copper and gold.
The peoples of the Perm Territory and their traditions are very diverse. An area of 160 square kilometers is home to approximately 125 nationalities. The total population is 2.6 million. The urban population significantly prevails over the rural, it is 75%.
What peoples inhabit the Perm Territory?
The region is home to many ethnic groups and peoples. Of these, only seven are the earliest authentic for this area. The languages of the peoples of the Perm Territory are numerous. Within the indigenous ethnic groups, they are divided into Finno-Ugric, Slavic (Russian), Turkic.
The main population is represented by Russians (2.1 million). The next largest are Tatars (115 thousand), Komi-Permyaks (80 thousand), Bashkirs (30 thousand), Udmurts (20 thousand) and Ukrainians (16 thousand). More than four thousand people are Belarusians, Germans, Chuvashs, as well as Mari. The remaining peoples of the Perm Territory are represented in the minority. Among them are Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Turks, Ingush, Komi-Yazvintsy, Mordovians, Gypsies, Moldavians, Mansi, Koreans, Chinese, Georgians, Chechens and others.
The indigenous peoples of the Perm Territory are represented by three main groups: Finno-Ugric, Turkic and Slavic. In the period from the 15th to the 16th centuries, the ancestors of the modern Permian Komi settled in the area of the upper Kama. The southern parts of the region were inhabited by Bashkirs and Tatars. Udmurts, Mansi and Mari also lived on the territory. The Russian population came here around the sixteenth century, very soon becoming predominant.
Mari
The name of the peoples of the Perm Territory may differ in different languages. For example, Maris usually call themselves mars or mares. This people belongs to the Finno-Ugric ethnic group. They are located in the area between the Volga and Vetluga. Most of them live in the Russian Republic of Mari El, as well as in the Volga region and the Urals.
According to anthropological grounds, they belong to the subural type, with more pronounced features of the Mongoloid race. Ethnicity was formed as early as I thousand. e. Their culture and way of life, they are most similar to the Chuvash. The people are four ethnic groups, mainly Kungur Mari live in the territory of the region.
Part of the people converted to Orthodoxy, although the traditional religion remains the main belief. In this case, it represents folk mythology, combined with monotheism. Paganism of the Mari is based on the veneration of the forces of nature, the prayer of which takes place in sacred groves (in the ritual construction of Kude).
Folk clothing is represented by a tunic shirt, decorated with embroidery, pants and a caftan, girdled with a belt or towel on top. Women wore jewelry made of coins, shells, and beads. A headdress is a towel with an ocellum - a scarpan, magpie or cone-shaped cap. Men wore hats with brim.
Udmurts
The autochthonous population of Prikamye and Cisurals is Udmurts. They belong to the Finno-Ugric peoples, like some other peoples of the Perm Territory. The closest to them are the Komi-Permyaks and Komi-Zyryans, although Russian and Tatar traditions strongly influenced life and culture. Most of the population professes Orthodoxy, but in the villages preserved elements of popular beliefs.
Udmurts have traditionally been engaged in agriculture (grain and potatoes) and animal husbandry, hunting and gathering, beekeeping and fishing. They lived in neighboring communities, where several families lived on the same territory. We were engaged in embroidery, knitting, woodworking, weaving and spinning.
The ritual building (kuala) for prayer was, like that of the Mari, in the forest. In the house there was a stove with a hanging boiler, bed for sleeping and a red corner (table and chair) for the head of the family. The women's suit consisted of a shirt, a robe, a breastplate trimmed with velvet and a belt. Decorated themselves with coins, rings, beads. Men wore blue and white striped trousers, shirts, felted hats.
Komi-Permyaks
Representatives of the people call themselves Komi Mort or Komi Otir. They are mainly settled on the territory of the former Komi-Permyatsky okrug. They belong to the Finno-Ugric group. In terms of language and traditions, they are most similar to Komi-Zyryans. There is practically no literature in the language of the people.
The main occupation of the Komi-Permyaks was agriculture, animal husbandry, hunting, fishing, weaving, pottery, spinning. Currently, this is wood processing and agriculture. Like many peoples of the Perm Territory, the Permian Komi were pagans, but the majority converted to Christianity. Now popular beliefs are trying to revive.
At first, traditional clothes were blue and black, later other shades appeared, and a “cage” pattern was added to the shirt. The women's outfit consisted of a tunic shirt over which a sundress was worn. Sometimes an apron was put on a sundress. Headwear - kokoshniks, decorated with embroidery and ornament. Men wore tunic-like embroidered shirts, girdled with sashes, and trousers. Cats, rattles and bast shoes were worn on the legs.
Mansi
Ethnicity Mansi belongs to the Ugric peoples. In Russia, there are few representatives of this people. The main population lives in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. Nevertheless, the Mansi are autochthonous peoples of the Perm Territory. In the region there are only a few people left (up to 40), they live in the Vishersky reserve.
The native language for the ethnic group is the Mansi language, belonging to the Ob-Ugric group. Culturally, the Hungarians and Khanty are closest to Mansi. In beliefs, along with Orthodoxy, folk mythology and shamanism have been preserved. Mansi believe in patron spirits.
Among the traditional occupations are reindeer husbandry, fishing, hunting, farming and livestock farming. Housing was built seasonal. In winter they lived in log houses or log huts according to the Russian type, in summer in plague cones made of birch bark. An open hearth from the poles served as heating and a source of light. A characteristic feature of Mansi was that they did not eat mushrooms, considering them home to evil spirits.
The women's suit was a swinging robe made of cloth or satin and a dress. He wore a scarf and a lot of jewelry. Men had shirts and pants; the clothes, as a rule, were with a hood made of cloth.
Tatars
Tatars belong to the Turkic peoples. And widely dispersed throughout Russia (the second largest nation). They live in Prikamye, Urals, Volga region, in the Far East, Siberia. In the Perm Territory, Tatars are present in almost all settlements.
Tatar language belongs to the Altai family. Most of the people belong to Sunni Muslims, although there are Orthodox and atheists. In the Kama region, the Tatars closely interacted with the Bashkirs, which led to the mutual influence of cultures on each other.
The national costume differs among different ethnic groups of the Tatars. The main features of the women's costume are a long shirt-dress, harem pants. An embroidered bib was worn on top, and a robe was worn as outer clothing. A turban, shawl or kalfak hat was put on her head. Men wore a felt hat over a skullcap. Jewelry for women was made of metal.
Bashkirs
Another people of the Turkic group are the Bashkirs. The main population lives in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The national language is Bashkir. Like the Tatar, it belongs to the Altai family. Representatives of the people are Sunni Muslims.
The Bashkirs are closest to the Turkic peoples, although Iranians and Finno-Ugric peoples also participated in their ethnogenesis. The people led a semi-nomadic lifestyle, engaged in cattle breeding. Along with this, he was engaged in fishing, hunting, flight-keeping, farming, and gathering. Among the crafts was weaving, production of shawls and carpets. Bashkirs knew about jewelry and forging.
Folk clothing was sewn from sheepskin. Women and men wore wide-legged pants. A dress was worn on top (different for women and men). Also wore a bathrobe, half-caftan, camisole. There were a lot of embroidery and appliqués on the clothes. Hats ranged from caps, towels to earflaps. Everything was richly embroidered with patterns. Men wore skullcaps and felt hats.
