The biography of Yuri Fedorovich Orlov at a certain stage in his life can serve as a model for the ideal representative of the USSR. He comes from a simple family. Hereditary worker. Member of the Second World War. With fights he reached Prague. He entered and graduated from Moscow State University. The famous physicist. Member of the CPSU. However, the physicist Orlov, Yuri Fedorovich, is one of the most famous and persecuted dissidents of the Soviet Union. In 1986, he was stripped of his citizenship and expelled from the country.
Beginning of a biography, childhood, youth
Yuri Orlov was born on August 13, 1924 in the village of Khrapunovo near Moscow. Father, Fedor Pavlovich, worked as a simple engineer, mother, Klavdia Petrovna, as a typist. Yura was born a frail and sick child. To carry out constant care of him, his parents sent him to live with his grandmother in the village of Rotten (Smolensk region). The departure of grandmother Pelagia had a beneficial effect, and in 3 years the baby's health strengthened, the ailments were gone. He lived in the wilderness of the country until 1931.
In 1931, together with his family, Yuri Orlov moved to Moscow. A year later, he entered first grade. At the same time, a deadly disease - tuberculosis - was discovered in his father. From which he died in March 1933.
Before the war, Yuri Fedorovich Orlov was seriously interested in literature. He became a frequent patron of the largest libraries in Moscow.
In 1936, his mother remarried the artist Peter Baragin. At the same time, Yura Orlov joined the Komsomol.
Years of the Second World War, evacuation, participation in battles, demobilization
The beginning of World War II, Yuri found his grandmother in the village, to which he came for school holidays. He returned to Moscow with troops retreating under the onslaught of German troops.
To assist the front, Yuri went to work as a turner at the Ordzhonikidze factory. Worked at night, studied at school during the day. In October 1941, together with the plant, he left for Nizhny Tagil, where the enterprise was evacuated. He worked in Nizhny Tagil until 1943, he was directly involved in the production of T-34 tanks.
In this Ural city, the sad news came to him: the stepfather, to whom Yuri became attached, died at the front.
In April 1944, Yuri Fedorovich Orlov was finally drafted into the army. A promising young man was sent to study at the Smolensk Artillery School. There he applied for membership in the CPSU (b), and he was accepted as a candidate for party membership.
After graduating from college in 1945, Yuri was sent to the front. He participated in the battles for the liberation of Czechoslovakia. He showed courage. In one of the battles he personally destroyed 3 enemy machine-gun points. For his merits he was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War II degree.
He found the end of the war in Prague. Not immediately demobilized, continued to serve in the North Caucasus, in the city of Mozdok. He parted with the army in 1946, was fired with the rank of lieutenant.
The beginning of scientific activity
After leaving the armed forces in November 1944, he went to work at a factory located in the buildings of the former Don Monastery. He worked as a stoker-stoker. At the same time, externally finishing school. And immediately enters the Moscow Industrial Institute, in the correspondence department.
A year later, in the summer of 1947, he was transferred to the Physics and Technology Faculty of Moscow State University. He was captured by the scientific horizons that opened before him. Moreover, among his teachers were outstanding scientists - P. Kapitsa, L. Landau, A. Alikhanov and others.
In 1951, a physicist married Galina Papkevich.
Yuri Fedorovich Orlov graduated from Moscow State University in 1952. The following year, he was invited to work in a closed laboratory of the USSR Academy of Sciences, which was a structural unit of the so-called atomic project. In the laboratory, he was directly involved in the development of an elementary particle accelerator. At the same time, he began to write a dissertation, which he did not have time to defend.
Beginning of human rights activities
As a member of the CPSU, in 1956, at a party meeting, he made a statement, the meaning of which was that Stalin and Beria, who had been in power for a long time in the USSR, were murderers. He spoke in favor of taking measures to establish true democracy in the country on the basis of socialism.
For these statements he was expelled from the party, deprived of access to secrets. Orlov was fired from the institute. Difficult times came, to survive which helped him with material help from fellow physicists. In the same year, in the summer, the sad news overtook him - his mother died.
Relocation to Armenia
The director of the Yerevan Physical Institute A. Alikhanyan provided serious assistance to Orlov, who proposed that Yuri Fedorovich move to Yerevan and continue his studies at his educational institution. He accepted this offer. He began to work as the head of the laboratory. It was in Armenia, the physicist Orlov, Yuri Fedorovich, substantiated the theory of the behavior of electron beams in a ring accelerator, and also participated in the design of a proton accelerator as part of a group of researchers.
In 1963 he defended his doctoral dissertation. In 1968 he became a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the ArmSSR.
However, his family relations did not develop easily, ended in divorce in 1961. In the same year, Orlov married Irina Lagunova. In marriage, they had a son - Leo.
However, this marriage was not long, in I967 they broke up. By that time, Orlov Yuri Fedorovich was fascinated by Irina Valitova, who worked at the Pushkin Museum in Moscow. They merried.
Return to Moscow, continued human rights activities
In the summer of 1972, Orlov returned to Moscow. He enters the Institute of Earthly Magnetism. He works as a senior researcher. However, he does not work long in this institution, he was dismissed in 1974, since he actively joined the movement for the support of Academician Sakharov. He finally joined the dissident movement in 1972. Then he wrote and published articles under the general title “13 Questions to Brezhnev, ” in which Orlov drew attention to the inhumane treatment of Sakharov.
In 1973, Yuri Fedorovich Orlov, among other human rights defenders, began to travel around the country, participating in the so-called political courts. Composes protests, appeals, collects and issues human rights news, which he publishes through “samizdat”.
In the spring of 1975, Yuri Fedorovich Orlov was first arrested. He was placed under house arrest. The authorities were afraid that he would take any protest actions during the visit of the US president to Moscow.
After some time, he establishes contacts with representatives of the human rights organization Amnesty International. In 1975, Yuri Fedorovich wrote articles that were not left without attention: "Is totalitarian socialism possible?", "Appeal to the regime."
In May 1976, under the leadership of Yuri Fedorovich Orlov, the human rights group Helsinki Group of the USSR was created. He becomes her first leader. He is summoned to the KGB of the USSR. They warn about the inadmissibility of creating anti-Soviet groups. Otherwise, his materials will be transferred to the prosecutor's office.
However, Yuri Mikhailovich ignores this warning. Continues its human rights activities. In the winter of 1976, he signed a letter in defense of V. Bukovsky, who was "vilified" by the Soviet press. He continued to actively participate in the activities of the Moscow Helsinki Group.
All this led to the beginning of persecution by the authorities. Some activists were arrested, among whom in 1977 was also Yu.F. Orlov.
Arrest, court, ITK, link
Orlov spent the period of pre-trial detention in Lefortovo pre-trial detention center. In May 1978, the court sentenced him to 10 years of imprisonment for anti-Soviet activities, of which 5 years - in a penal colony, 5 years in exile.
In July 1978 he was transferred to the Perm-35 camp. The passage through the stage for Orlov was not entirely successful, he fell ill, was hospitalized. After recovering, he worked as a turner in the colony, but did not stop his human rights activities. He prepared and sent the Helsinki document outside the places of detention, in which he reflected the situation of prisoners.
In 1978, at the initiative of A. Sakharov, Yuri Orlov was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize.
In 1980, he was expelled from the Armenian Academy of Sciences. The content mode is tightened. Periodically, Orlov is placed in a punishment cell and a separate cell.
At the same time, Yuri Fedorovich finds opportunities to correspond with friends, like-minded people, and family.
In 1983, in the summer, during another political hunger strike, where he demanded a general political amnesty, Yuri Fedorovich Orlov was transferred to forced feeding, placed in a hospital.
In the winter of 1984, Orlov was released from the ITK. They are staged at the place of exile, in the village of Kobiai, Yakutia.
In August 1984, retires. However, his scientific activity is not abandoned. He writes articles. Actively involved in arranging the life of local residents. However, this leads to certain conflicts. So, in April 1985, he was beaten by settlers dissatisfied with his vigorous activity.
