There is only one way to regulate the quality of the whole environment - the introduction of MPE (maximum permissible emission) for pollution sources and strict control over the implementation of these standards. According to the scientific and technical standard for MPE, conditions are established under which the content in the surface air layer of pollutants from a combination of sources should not be higher than the quality standards that are needed for the population, as well as the flora and fauna of this area.
PDV installation and control
Specifically, for each source that can pollute the atmosphere, the maximum permissible emission is established. The condition is that the emission of pollutants, taking into account dispersion and interactions with other components, does not create concentrations that affect air quality and exceed the established norm. This applies to individual enterprises, and the entire set of sources polluting the air of a settlement. In addition, all prospects for the development of enterprises are necessarily taken into account.
The regulatory framework of Russia is branched in order to ensure state control over all pollution, assess the quality of atmospheric air and manage its cleaning processes by establishing MPE standards. What are the maximum permissible emissions? We are talking about this in the article.
Documentation
In our country, a regulatory document is working today - "Maximum permissible concentration (MPC) in the atmosphere of harmful substances for populated areas", which lists 628 harmful substances, maximum, one-time and average daily MPC values, the hazard class of each substance, and the limit of the hazard indicator. There is also a prohibition section for the release of substances “B” due to their extreme biological activity. There are thirty-eight such prohibited substances.
At elevated temperatures, the maximum permissible emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere from a single source, provided by the concentration in the ground air, but which does not exceed the MPC, is calculated by special formulas. It regulates the quality of the environment and is controlled by the MPE, which is a technology that is scientifically based. Maximum allowable emissions (MPE) of harmful substances into the atmosphere from industrial sources are determined on the basis of establishing and studying their various parameters, as well as the properties of harmful substances that are released into the atmosphere and the atmospheric conditions of this moment.
Calculation of allowable concentrations
In order to carry out preventive sanitary supervision and timely make reasonable requirements for all recreational activities in order to accurately determine the maximum permissible emissions (MPE) related to industrial enterprises, special data are used to calculate the concentrations of foreign substances in the atmosphere.
The standard value is established to ensure the protection of the air environment from environmentally harmful substances emitted into the atmosphere - this is the maximum permissible emission: the amount of pollutant per unit time (each individual source of pollution). Exceeding this standard value is an excess of MPC in the environment that surrounds the source of pollution, which leads to the most adverse consequences for the surrounding area and for the health of the population living there.
Legislation
The volume “Atmosphere Protection” contains the results of the work carried out by the leading departmental organizations, it also makes suggestions on what should be the maximum permissible emission of pollutants into the atmosphere (MPE), as well as the BCF — temporarily agreed release — for the enterprise. The Interim Rationing Technique contains the structure of this volume.
All industrialized countries have environmental laws aimed at limiting atmospheric and environmental pollution. In Russia, the Law "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air" has been adopted, which presents the normative indicators of MPE, MPC and BCB (temporarily agreed) harmful substances. The development of action plans protecting the air basin is based on the measurement results.
Then the latter are reflected in the statistical reports (form No. 2-tp - air), are used in calculating the standards, where the maximum permissible emission of harmful substances is displayed. This is an integral part of ensuring the operation of production and guarantees the objectivity of fiscal sanctions - payments for emissions. In addition, sufficient and rational investment costs are required to comply with environmental requirements in the future, taking into account the social and financial goals of production.
Existing measures to protect the atmosphere
For each operating enterprise, a project of maximum permissible emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere is being developed. This necessitates measures to guarantee the disposal of oil waste, environmental certification of enterprises, as well as comprehensive geoecological studies of the territory of oil production and all areas of influence of oil production enterprises.
When new enterprises are projected and existing enterprises are being reconstructed, a project of maximum permissible emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere is developed for each of them. The concept of MPC in these standards is expressed in average annual permissible concentrations (MPC), which allow substantiating the volumes of maximum permissible emissions of radioactive isotopes, for example, into the external environment.
MPC in soils
Maximum allowable emissions of pollutants in soils are very difficult to establish. The environment of the soil cover is less mobile than the surface water and the atmosphere, therefore, the accumulation of chemical compounds entering the soil takes a long time.
For this reason, the main factor determining the MPE for an enterprise or group of enterprises relates to the operating time required to accumulate emissions to the MPC level. Nevertheless, the soil is constantly in the active microbiological process, there are physical and chemical processes that transform foreign substances entering the soil, and the depth and direction are not determined unambiguously here.
Different approach
As for the project of maximum permissible emissions (MPE), with its help it is possible to control only organized emissions of harmful substances, and it is compiled in such a way as to correspond to a given area. The division of emissions into organized and unorganized requires a different approach to accounting and control.
For example, the introduced new gas heating systems and even the replacement of existing systems running on hot water or steam are also environmentally unsafe. Burning natural gas produces nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide. Even for the combustion of gaseous fuels, emission limit standards exist everywhere.
And, for example, in chemical plants it is often not possible to observe the concentration of harmful emissions. Then a reduction in emissions is introduced in stages, each of which must be temporarily agreed upon (ETC). The number of these emissions should correspond to the standard indicators adopted for enterprises with similar capacities.
Monitoring results appear in each quarterly and annual report. Who sets the maximum permissible emissions? There is such an organization - Goskomhydromet, which compiles all the schedules for the standards for the content of harmful substances in enterprise emissions.
On guard of public health
Normal sanitary and hygienic conditions in production rooms and throughout the enterprise, as well as in settlements, allow the content of harmful substances, which does not exceed the standards for maximum permissible emissions. For unconditional compliance with the MPC, a draft maximum permissible emissions is made for each enterprise and each substance.
There are laws of the Russian Federation: "Environmental Protection", "Epidemiological and Sanitary Welfare of the Population" and "Air Protection", according to which the discharge and release of harmful compounds, waste disposal is carried out only on the basis of a permit issued by special authorized state bodies. The permit takes into account all the standards for MPE and MPD (emissions and discharges), as well as many other conditions for a careful attitude to the environment and human health.
Project Terms
Any enterprise that has even a single source of harmful emissions should have a draft MPE standard. If at a small factory there is at least one slightly smoking pipe, this document is mandatory for the operation of the plant. Environmental legislation of the Russian Federation regulates the need to develop such a project.
The maximum permissible emission is reviewed once every 5 years, and the project is valid strictly during this time. Special conditions may dictate an earlier review of the MPE. For instance:
- ecological situation in the territory has changed;
- the number of emission sources has changed: new ones have appeared or existing ones have been removed;
- the production program of the enterprise has been changed and the technologies used on it have changed.
If the established standards are not complied with, the enterprise will have to pay for anything that exceeds the maximum permissible emissions. The development of the MPE project, this complex and responsible task, is always carried out by professionals.
MPE development
The fundamental points are as follows:
- All sources of harmful emissions available as part of the facility are subject to inventory. Lists of all sources and pollutants emitted by them are compiled.
- The cost and terms of work are agreed upon. An agreement is drawn up regarding the development and approval of MPEs.
- The draft MPE is being approved by state authorities.
- Obtaining by the enterprise a permit for maximum permissible emissions into the atmosphere.
The event is not only difficult, but also very responsible. In case of non-fulfillment or incorrect execution of the development of the MPE volume, the enterprise falls under strict administrative responsibility: it faces high fines and even a suspension of work for up to ninety days.
The inventory of emission sources (the first fundamental point) pursues the following objectives:
- identification and reliable accounting of all sources of environmental pollution in the area of the enterprise;
- establishing the location of sources, volumes and composition of emissions;
- accounting for the influx of harmful (polluting) substances into the environment.
MPE draft content
Recommendations on the design of the draft MPE standards for enterprises determine the structure of the project. The following sections must be included here without fail.
- Annotation.
- Introduction
- Information about this company.
- The characteristics of this enterprise from the point of view of the source of the atmosphere.
- The calculation and determination of the main MPE standards.
- A list of emission control measures if weather conditions are unfavorable.
- Establishment of control over the implementation of all standards at the enterprise.
Necessary documentation for the development of the draft MPE:
- Briefly provides information on the production, structure and staff of the enterprise, describes the purpose and characteristics of all objects (both production and commercial units, workshops, sections, teams, departments, offices, structures, buildings, and so on).
- Detailed company details. Scheme-map of the enterprise, as well as situational scheme-map of the location.
- Certificate of state registration of a legal entity.
- A certificate of ownership of land, premises, buildings, structures or a lease for all of this.
- Account statement on raw materials for the year.
- List of technological equipment.
- A detailed description of the entire process.
- Information on the availability of CCGT (dust and gas cleaning equipment), a copy of the passport on the CCGT, its performance and so on.
- The scheme of the ventilation and air conditioning system with accurate data on the diameters and heights of the pipes, brands of fans and their performance, the number of hours they work per day, and so on.
- Information on vehicles on the balance sheet of the enterprise, indicating the quantity, brand, as well as their parking or storage, their maintenance and repair.
- Qualification certificates of environmental education responsible for the ecology of the enterprise.
- Previous project of emissions of harmful substances (if the company is not newly formed).
Calculation of MPE standards
For the calculation of MPE, there are corresponding generally accepted formulas. To understand how MPE standards are established, you need to know the main factors that characterize the dispersion of emissions:
- climate and atmosphere;
- location of sources of polluting emissions;
- landscape and its features;
- physicochemical characteristics of emissions;
- diameter of pipe mouths;
- distance of pipe mouths from the ground.
Regulatory monitoring
Monitoring compliance by this enterprise with all MPE standards is one of the most important sections of the project. This section can be divided into two parts: monitoring directly the sources of pollution according to MPE standards and controlling the border with a nearby residential area.
Highly qualified specialists with experience in enterprises of various fields who will take into account all established regulations and draw up all sections of the project correctly draw up the draft MPE standards.
Thus, the control of the adverse effects of activities - economic or other - of individuals and legal entities in the territory adjacent to this enterprise, as well as the atmosphere and water reserves, including groundwater, is carried out. The maximum permissible emission standards are, of course, not the same, and the project takes this into account.
Monitoring of compliance with the achievement of the standards for maximum permissible emissions developed for the project can be carried out by the enterprise itself, which has its own production control, but most often it is more reliable to entrust this to the Department of Rosprirodnadzor, which exercises state control.
