At the end of 2014 (right before the New Year - December 24), the country decreased by one settlement with the name Zheleznodorozhny. The population obediently voted for unification with another city near Moscow Balashikha, but in fact absorption. The former railroad workers won or not, time will tell.
general information
Zheleznodorozhny is currently part of the city of Balashikha in the Moscow Region of Russia, which until almost the end of 2014 was a separate city of regional subordination and the administrative center of the city district of the same name. It has been an independent city since 1952, since 1960 it has become a city of regional subordination. The population of the city of Zheleznodorozhny, Moscow Region in 2015 was approximately 152, 000 people. The population density (in the same year) was 6311.67 people / km 2.
The area occupied by the village, at the time of unification was 2408 hectares. The former city stretches for a distance of 7 km from west to east, however, given the remotely built microdistrict of Kupavna, it is 13 km. The railway line Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod runs through the territory, the station (formerly considered the center of the city) is located 10 km east of the Moscow Ring Road. Nearby cities: 8 km was the city of Balashikha, 10 km - Reutov, and 11 km - Lyubertsy.
After joining the urban district of Balashikha, the city was divided into 8 microdistricts: the central districts of the abolished city formed the Zheleznodorozhny district. Ceramics, Kupavna, Kuchino, Olgino, Pavlino, Novo Pavlino and Savvino were also highlighted.
origin of name
Until 1939, the village was called the ugly name Obiralovka. According to the most decent version, it comes from the name of one of the owners or founders of the settlement.
However, the population of the city of Zheleznodorozhny considers a more "romantic" version justified. In the century before last, through the small villages that were later united into the city, the "exile tract" ran. According to him, those sentenced to exile to faraway Siberia walked on foot to serve the due time. Local residents, who hunted robbery and theft on the high road, took the last property from prisoners. Up to the point that they removed their last clothes, that is, they robbed them. According to another similar version, the city got its name due to the fact that the same local murderers robbed merchants. The robbers hid in roadside forests and ravines, stopped the trading people, and for the most part the surrounding peasants. They completely robbed them, harnessed the horses and for the time being safely hiding with the prey.
At that time, the best places for ambushes were on Vladimir and Nosovikhinsky roads. The dense, impenetrable forests with wild animals and clouds of nests over numerous swamps have long served as a safe haven for robbers. On the Vladimir road, laid along the edge of the forest, many travelers were robbed, although no more than 20 versts remained to go to Moscow. It was much more dangerous to drive along the Nosovikhinsky road, which looped through the forest more often. Many travelers, plundered by dashing people in these places, began to call the villages lying in the vicinity, fencing. The offensive name has taken root.
In 1939, the workers' village was given the name Zheleznodorozhny, because the Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod railway passed nearby. Many residents use colloquial names - Zheldor or Zhelezka. In recent years, among the population of the city of Zheleznodorozhny, the vernacular Zhelik gained more and more popularity. Probably, for a long time this will be called the former districts of the city, now included in Balashikha.
Foundation of the city
The territory that was part of the modern city included the lands of Bogorodsky, settlements (villages and villages) of the Vasilievsky volost (Savvino, Obiralovka and others), as well as the Pechora volost of the Moscow district (Kuchino, Olgino). The oldest villages of Savvino and Kuchino are described in written sources from the time of the famous Russian prince Ivan Kalita, dated 1327. Moreover, Kuchino near the Pekhorka River was first referred to as wasteland. In 1571, the village of Troitsk was founded. Each of the settlements for a long time developed independently. Reliable information is not available on which population in Zheleznodorozhny (more precisely, in the settlements that later entered it) at that time.
In the second half of the 18th century, the village of Sergeevka arose. Count Pyotr Rumyantsev-Zadunaysky founded the settlement, who resettled several peasant families here, naming the settlement in honor of his youngest son. The official name over time was supplanted by the colloquial nickname Obiralovka. So much so that by the end of the 19th century it became the official name of not only the village, but also the railway station. Obiraralovka was first mentioned in 1799 in documents during the construction of the Nizhny Novgorod railway.
The development of the region in the XIX century
According to the directory of the Moscow province, published in 1829, which allows you to judge the size of the village, it had 6 yards with 23 peasants. In 1852, another official document that spoke about the settlements of the Moscow Region recorded an increase in the number of inhabitants. The population of Zheleznodorozhny (then the village of Sergeevka-Obiralovka) was 56 people, including 22 men and 35 women who lived in the same 6 courtyards.
In the second half of the XVIII century, the rapid development of the economy of the region began, with the discovery and start of industrial development of clay deposits. At the beginning of the 19th century, local industrialists, the Danilov brothers, built the first red brick factory. Around the same time, the Moscow merchant D.I. Milovanov bought a small artisanal brick production and reorganized it into a brick factory, which gave the first production in 1875. They began to invest in a profitable local business; later, brick factories of other merchants (including Kupriyanov and Golyadkin) were built. This industry for a long time provided jobs to the population of the Railway of those times.
Railway construction
In 1862, the Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod railway passed through the territory of the region, and the Obiralalovka railway station was built. Fifteen years later, a substation village appeared nearby, which received the same name. In 1866, a well was built, the water supply in which was provided by a manual engine. Revenues received at the station began to grow rapidly, and soon significantly exceeded costs. A water pumping building was built, and the railway facilities were modernized. Cargo and passenger traffic almost doubled. The station is assigned the 4th class, since there is already all the necessary infrastructure: 4 arrows, buildings for passengers and residential buildings. In the station building there was a telegraph, a savings bank, a room with cash desks, a common waiting room, and special rooms of the 1st and 2nd classes. The warehouse was built right behind the station, there was also a post office.
With the construction of the railway industry received a powerful incentive for development. The population of Zheleznodorozhny of those times began to grow rapidly; peasants who gained freedom after the abolition of serfdom began to be massively employed at industrial enterprises.
In 1896, the grandson of the famous philanthropist Savva Morozov, the manufacturer Vikula Morozov, built the Savvinskaya manufactory factory. Next to it, factory workers founded a village called Savvino. In 1904, the second in the world and the first Aerodynamic Institute in the European continent was founded in the village of Kuchino. Scientific work was led by the founder of modern aerodynamics, professor of Moscow University N.E. Zhukovsky. The work of the institute gave impetus to the development of the village of Kuchino as a major scientific center. A small settlement gained fame among scientists and aeronautics in Russia and many countries of the world.
On the Eve of the Revolution
The economic development of the region depended heavily on railroad congestion. For the past quarter century, railroad tracks have been largely used for transporting bricks. It was brought from local brick factories, many built at the beginning of the XIX century. Other frequently transported goods were coal, firewood, and grain. In 1912, artificial lighting appeared on the station, organized with the help of kerosene heat lamps. The management of the road ensured exemplary order at the station and its surrounding territory. The railway station was mentioned many times in literary works, for example, it was here that Anna Karenina, the heroine of the story of Leo Tolstoy, threw herself under the train.
The population in Zheleznodorozhny especially increased sharply in 1916; in the village there were already about two hundred yards. The infrastructure was also growing rapidly: a tea house, a bakery and a hairdresser were opened. A small shop appeared where you could buy candles, inexpensive cigarettes and good groceries. A wine shop opened. The first entertainment facility appeared. Near the local pond, which was rented by contractor Maximov, he built baths, and with the onset of winter, an ice rink was poured here, where people were allowed to go for a ride.
In 1916, a severe fire broke out in Obiralovka, which destroyed many trading establishments. After that, a voluntary fire brigade from local residents was organized in the village. Near the pond, a fire barn was equipped, on which an icon was hung, and a pillar with a signal bell was dug nearby. There was one school in the village, in which they studied for only three years. The ethnic composition of the population of Zheleznodorozhny was fairly homogeneous, mainly Russians lived here, in those days they were recorded in the census as Orthodox.
Between two wars
After the civil war, the first thing they did was restore track facilities and rolling stock. During the years of industrialization and the first five-year plan, the electrification of the railway began. Since that time, the census of the residents of the village of Obiralovka began to be regularly conducted; in 1929, 1000 people lived in it. Work on the conduct of electricity ended a quarter ahead of schedule. In 1933, after a solemn rally, the first electric train was sent from Obiralovka station to Moscow. The population grew rapidly due to the influx of specialists from different parts of the country, and ethnic composition gradually began to change.
In 1939, the settlement received the status of an urban-type settlement, and at the request of the workers, as it was written then, it was renamed the settlement of Zheleznodorozhny. According to the last pre-war census that took place in the same year, the population of Zheleznodorozhny Moscow Region amounted to 7354 people. During the war years, many residents of the village were mobilized or volunteered to go to the front, six of them were awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union.
Post-war years
In the post-war years, many industrial enterprises were built, the region still specialized in the production of building materials. In 1946, a pilot production of ceramic blocks and a research institute for building ceramics were opened. In 1952, a woodworking factory was launched.
In the village of Savino, not far from the weaving factory, in 1947 a workshop for the restoration of parts of factory machines was organized, which in 1956 was reorganized into an electromechanical factory. In the same years, an enterprise for the production of mineral wool products was built. To work in new industrial enterprises, it was necessary to attract significant labor resources. The population of Railway Mos. area in 1959 reached 19 243 people.
Obtaining the status of a city
In 1952, the workers' settlement received the status of a city of regional subordination, in 1960 it became a city of regional subordination. The structure then included the village of Sergeevka, a substation village and several summer cottages: Afanasyevsky, Ivanovsky and Olgino. An interesting story is the foundation of these cottages.
Timberman Afanasyev bought the land from Prince Golitsyn. He built his own house (now the corner of Sovetskaya and Schmidt streets), paved the central street in the forest, which he named in honor of his daughter Elizabeth, and several transverse streets. The space between the streets was divided into small separate sections, which I sold with good profit. By the 19th century, a whole summer cottage village, Afanasyevsky, was formed, which later entered the Pekhorsky volost of Moscow district.
In 1983, the Moscow tradesman and co-owner of the sawmill Ivanov I.K. bought a plot of land from the Peasant Society of the village of Pestovo. The landowner also set up the plot for the first time, cut openings for the streets, dug a pond and opened the sale of land. Since the first house in the new village belonged to Ivanov, he was nicknamed Ivanovsky. Then the name was reduced to Ivanovka, which became part of the Vasilievsky volost of Bogoroditsky district.
The land plot on which the village of Olgino was later built was purchased by industrialist F. M. Mironov (the main shareholder of the Bunkovskaya Mironov Brothers Manufactory company) in 1908 from Prince Golitsyn. The manufacturer gave the village a birthday to his wife Olga Gavrilovna, which is why he received the name Olgino.
Soviet time
In 1960, several settlements were added to Zheleznodorozhny, including the villages of Savvino and Kuchino, the villages of Sergeevka and Temnikovo. By 1967, the population of the city of Zheleznodorozhny grew to 48, 000, more than doubled in eight years.
In subsequent Soviet years, the city was actively built up. A new building of the railway station, station square was built. The center was built up with modern high-rise buildings. The construction of the southern part of the city and the Kuchino microdistrict was actively conducted. In 1970, the population of the Railway of the Moscow Region. amounted to 57, 060 people. In the next decade, the population growth rate reached 2.45% per year. In the last years of Soviet power (1991 and 1992), the population of Zheleznodorozhny amounted to 100, 000 people.
Modern period
After the collapse of the USSR, the city continued to specialize in the production of building materials. Today, urban industry produces bricks, various ceramic tiles, filtering ceramics, joiner for interior decoration of buildings, mineral wool. In 1999, the first Russian Rockwool insulation materials plant was launched. The Polish company Cersanit launched the production of ceramic tiles and porcelain tiles.
The population of Zheleznodorozhny continued to grow on average by 2.16-2.98% per year. In 2015, 151 985 people lived in the city. On the streets of the city you can meet people of various nationalities. However, in terms of ethnic composition, the population of Zheleznodorozhny is predominantly Russian (on average about 93% of Russians in the region). The next largest are Ukrainians, Armenians and Tatars.
