Each person cannot be completely sure that, under certain circumstances, he will not be in extreme conditions. That is, in the life of each of us, such a situation may arise when the surrounding reality will differ sharply from the usual everyday life. In this case, the extreme conditions that have arisen in an unprepared person will cause a negative state of the psyche that is not adapted to the presence of stress factors. This, for example, occurs during prolonged exposure to water or when a person enters the conditions of the Far North.
What are the extreme conditions?
Man, like all other living organisms on our planet, can only exist at a certain temperature, light, gravity, humidity, surface height above sea level, radiation intensity, etc. Moreover, all these qualities were developed by nature in the process of human evolution.
A person falling into extreme conditions is able to adapt to them. However, this happens only to certain limits. An example is the place where people live. As a rule, these are territories located at an altitude not exceeding 3 thousand meters above sea level. If a person rises even higher, then he will not be able to live there permanently. His health will begin to deteriorate sharply, various diseases will rapidly develop, which will ultimately lead to his death. The main problem for the body in this case is the insufficient supply of atmospheric oxygen to the cells.
Among the types of extreme conditions, humidity can be distinguished. Its significant indicators are observed in tropical forests. Thickets of trees do not allow sun rays and wind to penetrate here. That is why there is a lot of carbon dioxide in the air, various fumes, odors, microscopic fibers, hairs and scales. Only people of small stature and weight could adapt in such extreme conditions. This is what distinguishes representatives of the tribes of tropical forests.
Another environmental factor that limits a person’s life capabilities is air temperature. We can feel comfortable only in a narrow range of its values. With sharp fluctuations in temperature, there is an adverse effect on human health.
But in addition to extreme environmental conditions, a person sometimes has to deal with critical situations related to his life in society. For example, many people had to endure malnutrition, fear and illness, which caused them deep and sometimes intolerable suffering. This happened in certain periods when slavery and serfdom existed, and world wars unleashed.
Adaptation
The extreme situation and extreme conditions in which a person falls, become for him the cause of acute mental, physical, as well as social stresses. All this poses a threat not only to his well-being, but also to life. Nevertheless, in stressful situations, a person begins to develop adaptive phenomena to an artificial or natural environment. This allows him to be in those conditions that were previously incompatible with life. With full adaptation, a person is able to maintain the ability of his intellectual activity, the behavior corresponding to the current situation, and also to continue the race.
Adaptation is a process, the result of which is the acquisition by the body of its previously absent resistance to certain environmental influences.
Survival
How much can a person adapt to extreme conditions? His survival will depend on many factors. The presence or presence of each of them will be a direct characteristic of extreme conditions, the severity of which will directly affect the successful outcome of the case. So, some factors in this situation will help to get out of a critical state, while others, on the contrary, will aggravate the situation of people at risk.
How to survive in extreme conditions? For this, first of all, a desire and a will to live are required. This factor is determined not only by the character of a person, but also by his attitude to people close to him, as well as obligations to each of them. Anyone who has a great desire to get out of this situation will do everything that can only for this. And he will differ in this from the one who possessed complete indifference. More active people will have much more chances to survive, even if they get into a situation that at first glance seems hopeless. It is the desire for life that will direct all the feelings and thoughts of a person to salvation.
Learning to do
What contributes to survival in the wild and extreme conditions? One of the main factors leading to salvation is the person's knowledge of the necessary actions. There are many examples where for people who know the basic methods of salvation, even when injured in emergency situations, everything ended well. A trained person knew how to properly dispose of food available to him, built a shelter for himself from the weather, organized the use of signaling equipment, and also did not miss every, even the slightest opportunity for salvation.
But there are other examples when people unprepared for extreme situations died. And this despite the opportunity for salvation. The reason for this was their wrong actions. After all, it is precisely on a person’s training that his ability to choose the right survival tactics directly depends.
Mental condition
It turns out to be important for a person and his behavior in extreme conditions. Sometimes, in a difficult situation, people simply cannot correctly assess it in order to proceed with the actions necessary for salvation. Only 12-25% of those caught in extreme conditions, from the first minutes are able to meaningfully do everything for their salvation. The reaction of everyone else to the environment has a varying degree of adequacy, ranging from complete prostration and lethargy to hysteria. And only after a certain time has passed, most of these people return to their normal state. After that, they are included in the actions of their salvation. If in a group of people who find themselves in an extreme situation, there are those prepared and able to support comrades in misfortune with a joke and a deed, then the time to normalize the general psychological state of the group is significantly accelerated.
Physical training
Surviving in the wild and extreme conditions will require a lot of effort from a person. If he is physically well prepared, then adverse conditions will be much easier for them to tolerate. For example, such a person will be able to travel long distances, and in general has a much greater chance of being at home.
In a worse situation, his friend in misfortune finds himself quickly losing his strength. A physically strong member of the group is able to help their comrades and increase the chances of salvation for everyone.
Special equipment
To increase the chances of salvation will allow and a set for survival in extreme conditions. It should include:
- emergency stock of food;
- communication and signaling facilities;
- windproof matches;
- scabbard knife;
- skein of fishing line;
- magnifying glass;
- first aid kit;
- Bowl;
- a coil of brightly colored rope 25 m long;
- Bowl.
Windproof matches will be needed in order to light a fire, scare away predatory animals, burn poisonous bites of daredevils and spiders, as well as build additional lighting for themselves.
The most important tool in an emergency will be a knife. But if it is not, such a tool can be made from a piece of wood, sharp stone or other improvised material.
With a magnifying glass it will be possible to light a fire. And if you chop off a small piece from it, then the remaining part will result in a cutting surface or an excellent scraper.
As for the skein of fishing line, then in an extreme situation it can be used quite widely. For example, it is useful for building shelters, when repairing shoes and clothes. It will be possible to hang various plants on it for drying, etc.
A rope of bright color will be needed in the most difficult situation. It is used for the construction of the identification mark, which should be noticed by the search brigade.
The first-aid kit of special equipment must be equipped with aspirin and iodine, activated carbon, Streptocide and Phthalazole. What are all these tools for? For example, Streptocide is useful for open wounds. The tablets of this product are crushed to a powder state and applied to the injured area. Aspirin is also needed as an antipyretic drug. It is placed under the tongue and left there until completely dissolved. Phthalazole will be needed in case of indigestion. It is used no more than three times during the day, one tablet. In acute diseases, the dose is doubled. Activated charcoal will also help with indigestion. Its reception will allow you to remove from the body those bacteria that became the cause of the disease.
A bowl in a set of special equipment is necessary for eating. However, she can sharpen one of the edges. He will replace the knife in case of his absence. In addition, the bowl can be used as a digging tool. It will be possible to store various small things in it.
Injuries
Sometimes action in extreme conditions should be aimed at the immediate provision of medical assistance to victims. Often this happens during accidents. But in the future it is important to continue to monitor the situation and suppress any actions that can lead a person to poisoning or injury, bites of poisonous insects and animals, as well as colds. After all, one who becomes helpless loses many opportunities for salvation, while complicating the conditions for the entire group and reducing its mobility. In this regard, it is very important that people can provide emergency medical care and know how to prevent diseases and injuries.
Consideration of geographical and climatic features of the area
These factors are taken into account when drawing up survival tactics and rescue planning. In this case, it will be necessary to take into account the presence of drinking sources and water obstacles, the topography, temperature and humidity, the intensity of precipitation, the composition of flora and fauna, as well as the level of solar radiation.
Knowing the composition and power of all these natural factors, it will be possible to take effective protective measures by building a correct plan to save people in distress.
Risk factors
The main enemies of a person in an emergency are survival stressors. These are risk factors, the negative impact of which can negatively affect the entire process of salvation. But besides this, they spur people on, forcing them to take active steps and make quick decisions.
Risk factors in extreme conditions are thirst and hunger, heat and cold, overwork, fear and loneliness. Sometimes they include diseases, natural disasters, as well as conflict and incorrect relationships that develop in a group of people in distress.
So, based on the foregoing, we can conclude that in order to be saved in an extreme situation, a person must have abilities, skills and a clear head. Let us consider in more detail the importance and sources of the search for the most necessary resources.
Food and water
Without these resources, a person will not be able to live. That is why one of the lines of action for salvation should be in the search for water and food. There are many methods for this. They were invented by people for many centuries through trial and error.
There are several ways to find water in the wild. Among them:
- detect a body of water;
- apply a filtration or condensation method;
- get out of the ground;
- collect rainwater.
There are also many methods to find food in the wild. The simplest of these is the gathering of edible vegetables and fruits, berries, larvae, insects and mushrooms. A more complicated way is fishing and hunting. For example, you can set traps and traps, as well as use fishing rods or weapons.
It should be borne in mind that if water and food are not found, the situation will worsen significantly. The body will begin to weaken. Indeed, without water a person can live only 3 days, and without food - 3 weeks. In the absence of these resources, a person will have to be rescued in conditions of extreme survival. And here a lot will depend on his mood.
Motivation
It has already been said above that in extreme situations a person must be a strong spirit and strive for salvation. After all, sometimes the struggle takes place inside people in distress. Anyone who comes out as her winner will surely be saved. Where to get a source for your motivation? He is imprisoned in thoughts of close people. It is after such thoughts that unprecedented energy appears and a second wind opens.
In addition, the path to salvation must consist of many easily attainable goals. Global goals should not be set. The stories of many survivors confirm this.
Additional Actions
In most cases, eating, food and motivation is enough to survive in an extreme situation. But if a person is in adverse and harsh climatic conditions, then he will need to take care of some other things.
For example, those who find themselves in an extreme situation during the winter period in the northern territory of Russia will need to find or build shelter for themselves. Indeed, in these zones, the temperature sometimes drops to 50 degrees below zero.
The next task is to produce fire. It will allow you to warm up and become a source that gives confidence in the future.
In this position, for rescue, you will certainly need equipment consisting of clothes and hunting accessories, as well as vehicles.
