The concept of philosophy originated in the ancient period and included a theoretical and generalized vision of the world by ancient Greek scholars. Unlike religious thinking, characteristic of the period of antiquity and the Middle Ages, this science is characterized by rationality of knowledge, reliance on practical knowledge and a fairly accurate scientific assessment. The philosophical worldview, which in the ancient period also covered mathematics, astronomy and astrology, concepts from the field of physics and chemistry, was the view of one person or teacher and his followers on the surrounding reality.
Therefore, the concept of philosophy was a combination of various fundamental ideas about the world and man, as well as about the relationship between society and nature. Such views allow people to navigate well in the surrounding reality, to motivate their own actions, to perceive real events, and at the same time be guided by the cornerstone values characteristic of a particular civilization.
Society: The concept of society in philosophy is an essential component of this science, since the life of every person cannot be considered in isolation from society. In this regard, ancient scholars considered "community" as an alliance and cooperation of people who group together consciously and on a voluntary basis. So, Aristotle called each individual a “political animal”, forced to interact with the state, where relations are built on the principle of domination and submission. And Plato was the first philosopher who laid the trend for a totalitarian interpretation of any social system in which the role of a single person remains minimal.
Other concepts: The basic concepts of philosophy include the category of “picture of the world”, the boundaries and possibilities of human cognition, as well as other issues. Even in the ancient period, ancient scientists paid special attention to ontology, which can be considered as a separate doctrine of being. This concept of philosophy in different schools had its own interpretation, in some teachings its provisions were based on divine intervention, and other scientists put forward materialistic ideas. The problems of being, the way of being and the meaning of the existence of the world were discussed by the ancient Greeks, and each of them strove to find an evidence base for his own point of view.
Aristotle dealt with the problem of the appearance of man, looked for a manifestation of the divine mind and evidence of the intervention of higher forces in existing reality, he referred the issue of creating the world to metaphysics. The ontological aspect of philosophy was also studied by philosophers of the New Age, however, the question of the meaning of being was already considered in isolation from ancient teachings, and representatives of most schools in the XVIII-XIX excluded the possibility of interference of otherworldly forces in events occurring on Earth.
In the 19th century, the concept of philosophy was increasingly concentrated on anthropology, since this category at that time was not yet a separate science. This aspect was formed by studying the special characteristics of a person’s being with their needs, which need to be satisfied. To get what he wants, the individual is forced to develop his own abilities, allowing him to confidently move towards the intended goal.
And the German scientist R. Lotze, who lived in the 19th century, among human reality singles out human inclinations into a separate category. In the foreground, he puts the ratio of moral, religious and material values, scientific knowledge and wealth. The beliefs and behavior of each individual person who seeks his life goals and himself inclines toward the spiritual or material world depends on these criteria.
