Tyumen region is one of the largest regions of Russia. Its history, economy and characteristics are unique. And the reason is, first of all, the population of the Tyumen region. Residents of the region differ in their demographic and social characteristics. Let's talk about the main features of the region and its population.
Geographical position
The region lies beyond the Ural cities on the West Siberian Plain; its territory stretches from north to south across the entire width of Russia. The region is the third region in the country by area, it occupies 1, 435 thousand sq. Km. The Tyumen region borders on the Arkhangelsk, Sverdlovsk, Omsk, Tomsk and Kurgan regions, the Komi Republic and the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
The population of the Tyumen region lives on rich and diverse lands, on its territory you can see zones of Arctic deserts, tundra and forest-tundra, taiga, mixed forests, forest-steppe and steppes. The relief is also diverse: from plains to small mountains.
The area is very rich in various resources. There are large reserves of fresh water, in the region there are more than 70 thousand lakes, more than 580 thousand km of various rivers flow. The largest are the Irtysh and Ob. Most of the region’s land is occupied by forests, and Tyumen Oblast takes 3rd place in the country in terms of timber reserves. The main reserves of Russia’s gas and oil are concentrated in this region; huge deposits of peat are also found here, and precious stones, lead, chromites and copper are mined.
Settlement history
The first inhabitants in the Tyumen region appeared 40 thousand years ago, as evidenced by archaeological excavations. The first population of the Tyumen region was nomadic. Settled residents appear quite late, in the 13-16 centuries there was the Tyumen Khanate, consisting of Tatars and Kereites. In the 16th century, the Russian authorities began to build the Tyumen prison here, later the city of Tobolsk appeared in its place. In the 18th century, it became the capital of the vast Siberian province. Often the lands of the province were shaken by various riots, but local authorities successfully coped with them.
After the revolution, the troops of General A. Kolchak were stationed here, and only in 1919 the Soviet power was finally established here, Tyumen became the capital of the region. Since 1944, the region has existed within its current borders.
Climate and ecology
The region is in the range of several climatic zones: arctic, subarctic in the north and temperate and sharply continental in the center and in the south. Most of the territories belong to harsh climate zones, with long, cold winters and short, cool summers. In winter, in the north, temperatures on average are around minus 29 degrees, in summer - about plus 7. In the south in January, the thermometer shows minus 18 degrees on average, in July - plus 20. In the north, even in summer, the earth does not thaw more than 1 meter.
The region has a fair amount of rainfall - 600 mm per year, the wettest month is July, when up to 20% of all precipitation falls. Snow cover in the north lasts from 8 to 10 months, in the south - about 6.
The environmental situation in the region is not entirely favorable. Production and mining companies care little about environmental protection, the growing number of vehicles also negatively affects the cleanliness of the air, and there is also the problem of disposing of household and industrial waste. The administration of the region makes various efforts to solve these problems, but so far the pollution of air and water, especially in Tyumen, causes concern.
Administrative and territorial division of the region and population distribution
According to the last territorial division of the region from 1993, it includes 38 districts and 26 cities. The largest city is the capital of the region, 720 thousand people live here. The largest settlements in the region also include Surgut (350 thousand people), Nizhnevartovsk (270 thousand people), Nefteyugansk (125 thousand people), Novy Urengoy (111 thousand people) and Noyabrsk (110 thousand people).
About 77% of the population lives in cities; there is a process of increasing the number of citizens due to the outflow of residents from villages. The population density of the Tyumen region is 2.4 people per sq. Km, this is the 75th place among the regions of Russia. The northern parts of the region are practically uninhabited.
Population dynamics
Systematic observations of the number of inhabitants in the region begin in 1959, when about a million people lived here. In Soviet times, the population of the Tyumen region grew steadily. The peak of the increase occurred in the period from 1979 to 1987, when more than 3 million people lived here.
After this, a sharp decline in population growth occurs. But the stable development of the region and the mining industry led to the fact that even in the years of perestroika, when the whole country had a negative dynamics in the number of inhabitants, everything was the other way around. Today, 3.6 million people live in the region.
Population features
The region is distinguished from many regions of Russia by its national composition. The population of the Tyumen region is 83% Russian, the Tatars make up 8%, and several small ethnic groups of the indigenous population live here: the Nenets, Mansi, Khanty, Ket, Evenki. However, 95% of the population consider Russian the main language of communication.
But in terms of gender, the region differs little from other territories of the country. The male population of the Tyumen region is a smaller group than the female. For every man there are 1.1 women.
Demographic indicators of the region
The region differs from many other subjects of the Russian Federation by the youth of its inhabitants. The average age here is 37 years. This leads to the fact that fertility rates are high in the region - 17.2 newborns for every thousand people. Mortality in the region is slowly decreasing and the natural population growth is 8.9 people for every thousand inhabitants.
But life expectancy in the region is slightly lower than in the whole country, it is 71 years, but has a tendency to increase. The region also has a rather high rate of migration growth. About 4 thousand visitors remain here annually. In general, the coefficient of demographic load in the region is lower than the national average, and there is a tendency to its further decrease. Today this figure is 662.
Economy of the region
The region compares favorably with many other Russian entities with a stable and promising economy. The main areas of employment for residents, as noted by the Employment Center of the Tyumen region, are the mining and fuel industries. It produces most of the Russian oil and gas. An important industry is also the forestry sector. Four large industrial enterprises operate in the region: a battery plant, a motor plant, Neftemash and a shipyard. The region has a well-developed transport sector, trade and service.
